ISBN 978-983-9114-82-9 S EAFDEC/MFRDMDISBN XXX SEAFDEC/MFRDM/DS/SPP/4XX5 PROMJ arinEeT FisEhCery ReTsMource sI DTNevelAoEpmeLntR a nRd MaEnagPemIeOnNt DeRparAtTmen t L Southeast Asian Fisheries RDeveloEpmentP Center THE JTF6 PROJECT: COMBAOTINRG TIUU FISHING IN SOUTHEAST ASIA THROUGH APPLICAOTIMONP AORF ACTAIVTCEH S CTEURDTIIFEICSA OTINON MFOARN INATGEERNMAETINONTA OL FT RPAUDER SINE FSISEHI NANED FIFSHISERHYE PROIEDSUC ITNS T HE SOUTHEAST ASIAN REGION 2019 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 SOUTHEAST ASIAN FISHERIES DEV ELOPMENT CENTER MARINE FISHERY RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT Edited by: Mohammad Faisal Md Saleh Wahidah Mohd Arshaad Raja Bidin Raja Hassan Katoh Masaya Abdul Razak Latun Nurul Nadwa Abdul Fatah Khairiah Jaafar SOUTHEAST ASIAN FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT CENTER MARINE FISHERY RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT ISBN XXX SEAFDEC/MFRDMD/SP/XX PROJECT TERMINAL REPORT COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON MANAGEMENT OF PURSE SEINE FISHERIES IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN REGION MarineT FisEheryR ResMourcesI DNevelAopmeLnt a nRd MaEnagPemeOnt DeRpartTmen t Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center THE JTF6 PROJECT: COMBATING IUU FISHING IN SOUTHEAST ASIA THROUGH APPLICATION OF CATCH CERTIFICATION FOR INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN FISH AND FISHERY PRODUCTS ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 SOUTHEAST ASIAN FISHERIES DEV ELOPMENT CENTER MARINE FISHERY RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT PROJECT TERMINAL REPORT COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON MANAGEMENT OF PURSE SEINE FISHERIES IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN REGION 2019 Edited by: Mohammad Faisal Md Saleh Wahidah Mohd Arshaad Raja Bidin Raja Hassan Katoh Masaya Abdul Razak Latun Nurul Nadwa Abdul Fatah Khairiah Jaafar SOUTHEAST ASIAN FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT CENTER MARINE FISHERY RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data PROJECT TERMINAL REPORT : COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON MANAGEMENT OF PURSE SEINE FISHERIES IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN REGION / Edited by: Mohammad Faisal Md Saleh, Wahidah Mohd Arshaad, Raja Bidin Raja Hassan, Katoh Masaya, Abdul Razak Latun, Nurul Nadwa Abdul Fatah, Khairiah Jaafar. ISBN 978-983-9114-82-9 1. Purse seining--Southeast Asia. 2. Fisheries--Southeast Asia. 3. Government publications--Malaysia. I. Mohammad Faisal Md. Saleh. II. Wahidah Mohd. Arshaad. III. Raja Bidin Raja Hassan. IV. Katoh Masaya. V. Abdul Razak Latun. VI. Nurul Nadwa Abdul Fatah. VII. Khairiah Jaafar. 639.20959 BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Mohammad-Faisal, M. S., Wahidah, M. A., Raja-Bidin R.H., Katoh, M., Abdul-Razak, L., Nurul-Nadwa, A. F. and Khairiah, J. 2019. Project Terminal Report : “Comparative Studies on the Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region”. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. SEAFDEC/MFRDMD/SP/45. 350 pp. http://repository.seafdec.org.my/handle/20.500.12561/1171 Coverpage images photographed by: Mr. Mohammad Faisal Md Saleh; Mr. Osman Muda. NOTICE OF COPYRIGHT The publication may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, by any method or process, without written permission from the copyright holder. Application for such permission with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction desired should be made through and address to: SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Taman Perikanan Chendering, 21080 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu Malaysia ALL Rights Reserved © SEAFDEC/MFRDMD 2019 The production of this publication is supported by the Japanese Trust Fund to SEAFDEC/MFRDMD. SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center PREPARATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT This terminal report was prepared by Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department under Japanese Trust Fund Program (Trust Fund Project VI) for Comparative Studies on Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region which started in 2013 and ended in 2019. Participating departments and countries involved are SEAFDEC/MFRDMD, SEAFDEC/TD, SEAFDEC Secretariat as well as contributions from SEAFDEC Member Countries ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 including Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam. This terminal report aimed to inform SEAFDEC Member Countries of the status of purse seine fisheries in the Southeast Asia region and to recommend scientific advices on purse seine fisheries management. The document is distributed to SEAFDEC Member Countries and Departments, partner agencies and other fisheries-related organizations, and to the public to promote the activities and visibility of the Department. This report would have not been possible without works of numerous organizations, departments of SEAFDEC and its Member Countries in providing valuable information relevant of purse seine fisheries in the region. In particular we would like to acknowledge dedications and contributions by organizations and country respondents: MFRDMD TECHNICAL TEAM Mr. Mohammad Faisal Md Saleh (Project Coordinator) Mr. Raja Bidin Raja Hassan (former Project Coordinator until March 2017) Dr. Katoh Masaya (April 2010 – March 2015; April 2019 – present) Dr. Abe Osamu (April 2015 - March 2017) Dr. Taki Kenji (April 2017 - March 2019) Ms. Wahidah Mohd Arshaad (Technical Officer for Genetic Study) Ms. Noorul Azliana Jamaludin (2013 – October 2018) Mr. Abdul Razak Latun Mr. Mohd Tamimi Ali Ahmad (2013 – April 2015) Ms. Annie Nunis Billy Mr. Osman Muda Mr. Rosdi Mohd Nor Ms. Kamariah Ismail Mr. Adam Luke Pugas Ms. Nik Zuraini Nawawi @ Omar Mr. Norfaizal Azli Mat Nor Ms. Nurul Nadwa Abdul Fatah Ms. Khairiah Jaafar Ms. Nur Ayuni Arifin Mr. Husaini Mohd Rani Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 RESOURCE PERSONS 1) Professor Matsuishi Takashi Fritz Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan and Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE) Email: hpthtpo:c/o/beint.aly@/2ffirsihtz.hokudai.ac.jp 2) Dr. Rumeaida Mat Piah Head of Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences Lecturer, Faculty of Fisheries and Food Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia Email: rumeaida@umt.edu.com.my 3) Professor Siti Azizah Mohd Nor Principal Research Fellow at Institute of Marine Biotechnology (IMB), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia Email: s.azizah@umt.edu.my 4) Dr. Noor Adelyna Mohammed Akib (USM) Senior Lecturer at the Centre for Global and Sustainability Studies (CGSS), Universiti Sains Malaysia Email: adelyna@usm.my SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Foreword, SEAFDEC/MFRDMD DEPUTY CHIEF (April 2010 – March 2015; April 2019 – present) It was a pleasure to start the activities of the project “Comparative ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region” by SEAFDEC/MFRDMD (Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department) in 2013. It is a great honor to finish the project in 2019. The final outputs of the project were management advices in purse seine fisheries in the region. I hope our advices will help the eight participating member countries namely Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam to sustain marine resources. Because purse seine fisheries for small pelagic fishes such as Indian mackerels and scads are very important in the Southeast Asian region, this final report will be a guide for fishery management in the region. The publication presented here would not have been possible without the assistance of various agencies and colleagues from member countries. I particularly wish to acknowledge the funding support provide by Fishery Agency of Japan, as well as the support and cooperation of the participating countries, namely: Department of Fisheries - Brunei Darussalam; Fisheries Administration - Cambodia; Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries - Indonesia; Department of Fisheries - Malaysia; Department of Fisheries - Myanmar; Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) - the Philippines; Department of Fisheries - Thailand; and Fisheries Administration - Vietnam. I also wish to thank Mr. Raja Bidin Raja Hassan, Chief of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD and the SEAFDEC/MFRDMD staff members who supported this project. KATOH Masaya, Ph.D. Deputy Chief and Co-Trust Fund Project Manager katoh@seafdec.org.my Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Foreword, Former SEAFDEC JTF Manager (April 2017 - March 2019) Very congratulation on the success of the latest 7-year Purse Seine project under the Japanese Trust Fund VI. Thanks to the persistent efforts of current project leader (Mr. Muhammad Faisal), former project leader (Mr. Raja Bidin, Chief of MFRDMD) and relevant staff of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD, Secretariat, Training Department and Member Countries. Under the great support of resource persons on the stock (e.g. Dr. Matsuishi) and genetic (e.g. Dr. Katoh) analyses, I believe several important findings on the stock and genetic for small pelagic species in the Southeast Asia region have been carried out during the project. We really enjoyed the internal and international discussions on the stock analyses using ABC Rules and Equilibrium Production Model and genetic analysis on Amblygaster sirm, which becomes my unforgettable memory. However, there are still a lot of tasks to be solved towards the development of stock management in the SEA region. I look forward to the further development on these fields by MFRDMD and other relevant staff during the next 5- year project under Japanese Trust Fund VI Phase II. Finally, I appreciate the funding support of Japanese Trust Fund on this productive project. TAKI Kenji (former Deputy Chief) SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Foreword, SEAFDEC/MFRDMD CHIEF Small pelagic fishes are very important for capture fisheries sector in the Southeast Asian region because it provides cheap protein source for our peoples. These resources are not only link to surface fishery, ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 such as purse seine and gill net, but also the bottom trawlers especially in the coastal areas and continental shelf. Pelagic fish is also considered as migratory species and shared among neighbouring countries in this region so regional cooperation to manage this fishery is inevitable. Nowadays, capture fisheries are facing so many issues, not only due to overexploitation, but also management of the fisheries. The management of purse seine is among the biggest issues in the ASEAN region. Therefore, SEAFDEC/MFRDMD with funding support from the Japanese Trust Fund (JTF) was given the mandate to study and recommend the applicable management options of purse seine fisheries in the Southeast Asian region. This project corresponds to #10 of Resolution at the ASEAN-SEAFDEC conference in 2011 (Strengthen knowledge/science-based development and management of fisheries through enhancing the national capacity in the collection and sharing of fisheries data and information) and #22 of Plan of Action (Establish and strengthen regional and sub-regional coordination on fisheries management and efforts to combat Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing including the development of regional/sub-regional Monitoring, Control and Surveillance (MCS) networks). Through SEAFDEC/MFRDMD, the required data related to purse seine fisheries were collected and compiled from each member countries. We are aware that many member countries have different fisheries management system and its quite challenging for us to standardize the requirement data. Some shortcomings on the data submitted by member country were identified. Besides, the genetic study was also done to understand the population structure of Amblygaster sirm and to the extent of connectivity among the commercially important small pelagic fish targeted by purse seine fisheries in the South China Sea and Andaman Sea. As the Chief of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD, I had the pleasure to coordinate with eight Asean Member States (AMSs); Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, The Philippines and Viet Nam. This publication remarks the completion of this project as it brings Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 to end of the seven-year project. It is hoped that this publication will raises awareness to all stakeholders and the public on the importance of sustainable management of the fisheries resources and may serves as stepping stone in managing the purse seine fisheries in the Southeast Asian region. I would like to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to the Government of Japan for funding this project through Japanese Trust Fund and special thanks to Dr. Masaya Katoh, the Deputy Chief of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD, Mr. Muhammad Faisal Md. Saleh, the Project Coordinator, and the SEAFDEC/MFRDMD staff members for their tireless commitments in this project. Raja Bidin Raja Hassan Chief of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD rbidin@seafdec.org.my December 2019 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... i LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. iv LIST OF ACRONYMS and ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................. viii Executive Summary ................................................................................................................. 1 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Background of the project ........................................................................................................ 7 Objectives of the project ........................................................................................................... 9 Project Activities .................................................................................................................... 10 1. Regional and Internal Workshops ............................................................................... 10 2. Regional Core Expert Meeting (CEM) ........................................................................ 14 Comparative Studies on Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... 19 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 20 2. Methodology .............................................................................................................. 22 2.1. Historical catch-effort statistics compilation ........................................................... 22 2.1.1. Select the target species of pelagic fish .................................................. 23 2.1.2. Select the fishing vessel ......................................................................... 23 2.2. Examine the PS fisheries management measures .................................................... 24 2.3. Examine the Feedback Control and Production Model analyses ............................. 26 2.3.1. Conduct the workshops ......................................................................... 26 2.3.2. Consult the resource persons (RPs) ........................................................ 26 2.3.3. Screen the data ...................................................................................... 27 2.3.4. Estimate the Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE) ........................................... 27 2.3.5. Estimate the pelagic stock status ............................................................ 27 I) Production Model ................................................................................... 27 II) Feedback Control ................................................................................... 28 2.4. Scientific advises and recommendations on PS fishery management ...................... 29 3. Overview of the Marine Fisheries in SEA Region ....................................................... 30 3.1. Marine capture fisheries production........................................................................ 30 I) Brunei Darussalam ................................................................................. 30 II) Cambodia ............................................................................................... 31 III) Indonesia ................................................................................................ 32 IV) Malaysia................................................................................................. 33 V) Myanmar ................................................................................................ 34 VI) The Philippines ...................................................................................... 35 VII) Thailand ................................................................................................. 37 VIII) Viet Nam................................................................................................ 37 3.2. Purse seine as the common fishing gear exploiting small pelagic fishes .................. 38 I) Brunei Darussalam ................................................................................. 39 II) Cambodia ............................................................................................... 40 III) Indonesia ................................................................................................ 42 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 IV) Malaysia................................................................................................. 44 V) Myanmar ................................................................................................ 48 VI) The Philippines ...................................................................................... 50 VII) Thailand ................................................................................................. 51 VIII) Viet Nam................................................................................................ 53 3.3. Common fishing areas of purse seine fishing .......................................................... 55 I) Brunei Darussalam ................................................................................. 55 II) Cambodia ............................................................................................... 56 III) Indonesia ................................................................................................ 57 IV) Malaysia................................................................................................. 59 V) Myanmar ................................................................................................ 61 VI) The Philippines ...................................................................................... 62 VII) Thailand ................................................................................................. 63 VIII) Viet Nam................................................................................................ 64 3.4. Existing management measures on purse seine fisheries ......................................... 65 3.4.1. Licensing and regulations ...................................................................... 65 I) Brunei Darussalam ................................................................................. 65 II) Cambodia ............................................................................................... 66 III) Indonesia ................................................................................................ 67 IV) Malaysia................................................................................................. 69 V) Myanmar ................................................................................................ 70 VI) The Philippines ...................................................................................... 70 VII) Thailand ................................................................................................. 71 VIII) Viet Nam................................................................................................ 72 3.4.2. Closed season and closed area ............................................................... 73 I) Brunei Darussalam ................................................................................. 73 II) Cambodia ............................................................................................... 74 III) Indonesia ................................................................................................ 76 IV) Malaysia................................................................................................. 76 V) Myanmar ................................................................................................ 78 VI) The Philippines ...................................................................................... 79 VII) Thailand ................................................................................................. 80 VIII) Viet Nam................................................................................................ 81 4. Population Parameters and Biological Information...................................................... 83 4.1. Species composition ............................................................................................... 83 I) Brunei Darussalam ................................................................................. 83 II) Cambodia ............................................................................................... 84 III) Indonesia ................................................................................................ 84 IV) Malaysia................................................................................................. 85 V) Myanmar ................................................................................................ 85 VI) The Philippines ...................................................................................... 86 VII) Thailand ................................................................................................. 86 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center 4.2. Biological information ........................................................................................... 87 4.2.1. Growth parameters, mortality parameters and exploitation rate .............. 87 I) Brunei Darussalam ................................................................................. 87 II) Indonesia ................................................................................................ 87 III) Malaysia................................................................................................. 88 IV) Myanmar ................................................................................................ 89 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 V) The Philippines ...................................................................................... 90 VI) Thailand ................................................................................................. 91 VII) Viet Nam................................................................................................ 91 4.2.2. Length at first maturity (Lm) ................................................................. 92 I) Brunei Darussalam ................................................................................. 92 II) Cambodia ............................................................................................... 93 III) Indonesia ................................................................................................ 93 IV) Malaysia................................................................................................. 94 V) The Philippines ...................................................................................... 95 VI) Thailand ................................................................................................. 96 VII) Viet Nam................................................................................................ 97 4.2.3. Spawning season ................................................................................... 98 I) Brunei Darussalam ................................................................................. 98 II) Cambodia ............................................................................................... 99 III) Indonesia ................................................................................................ 99 IV) Malaysia................................................................................................100 V) Myanmar ...............................................................................................101 VI) The Philippines .....................................................................................101 VII) Thailand ................................................................................................102 VIII) Viet Nam...............................................................................................103 5. Existing Information on Pelagic Fisheries Resources .................................................105 5.1. Brunei Darussalam ................................................................................................105 5.1.1. Existing Assessment .............................................................................105 5.1.2. Biomass and Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) ................................106 5.2. Cambodia ..............................................................................................................107 5.2.1. Existing Assessment .............................................................................107 5.2.2. Biomass and Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) ................................107 5.3. Indonesia ...............................................................................................................109 5.3.1. Existing Assessment .............................................................................109 5.3.2. Biomass and Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) ................................110 5.4. Malaysia ...............................................................................................................113 5.4.1. Existing Assessment .............................................................................113 5.4.2. Biomass and Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) ................................113 5.5. Myanmar ...............................................................................................................114 5.5.1. Existing Assessment .............................................................................114 5.5.2. Biomass and Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) ................................114 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 5.6. The Philippines .....................................................................................................116 5.6.1. Existing Assessment .............................................................................116 5.6.2. Biomass and Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) ................................116 5.7. Thailand ................................................................................................................118 5.7.1. Existing Assessment .............................................................................118 5.7.2. Biomass and Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) ................................118 5.8. Viet Nam ..............................................................................................................120 5.8.1. Existing Assessment .............................................................................120 5.8.2. Biomass and Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) ................................120 6. Synthesis for Catch and Effort Information ................................................................122 6.1. Trend of landings by purse seine ...........................................................................122 I) South China Sea ....................................................................................123 II) Andaman Sea ........................................................................................124 6.2. Trend of fishing effort by unit (no. of vessel) ........................................................124 I) South China Sea ....................................................................................125 II) Andaman Sea ........................................................................................127 6.3. Trend of fishing effort by trip ................................................................................127 I) South China Sea ....................................................................................128 II) Andaman Sea ........................................................................................129 6.4. Trend of CPUE by country (trip) ...........................................................................130 I) South China Sea ....................................................................................130 II) Andaman Sea ........................................................................................131 6.5. Production Model (Fox model and Schaefer model) ..............................................132 6.5.1. Analysis by Fox model .........................................................................132 6.5.2. Discussion on results of the Production Model analysis ........................134 6.6. Feedback Control (Rule 2-2) .................................................................................135 6.6.1. Analysis by country ..............................................................................135 6.6.2. Analysis by ecosystem .........................................................................136 6.6.3. Discussion on results of the Feedback Control analysis ........................137 7. Management Measures for Purse Seine Fisheries .......................................................138 7.1. Common constraints and issues .............................................................................138 7.1.1. Constraints on data resource .................................................................139 7.1.2. Changes of major fishing gear ..............................................................139 7.1.3. Multi-species situation in the SEA region .............................................140 7.2. Recommendations for purse seine fishery management .........................................140 7.2.1. Scientific advices based on results from analyses..................................140 7.2.2. Recommendations for data and information collection .........................141 7.2.3. Recommendations for input controls (fishing capacity) ........................141 7.2.4. Recommendations for output controls (catch) .......................................142 7.2.5. Recommendations for technical controls ..............................................142 7.2.6. Recommendations for strengthening PS fisheries management .............144 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Genetic Study of Amblygaster sirm Inferred by Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in South China Sea and Andaman Sea ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................148 1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................149 2. Materials and Methodology .......................................................................................152 2.1. Tissue sample collection........................................................................................152 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 2.2. DNA Extraction ....................................................................................................154 2.3. PCR analysis .........................................................................................................154 2.3.1. Cytochrome b (Cyt b) ...........................................................................154 2.3.2. Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit I (COI) ................................................154 2.4. DNA Sequencing ..................................................................................................155 2.5. DNA Sequence Analysis .......................................................................................155 3. Results .......................................................................................................................157 3.1. Data analysis from mtDNA Cytochrome b (Cyt b) .................................................157 3.1.1. Nucleotide composition ........................................................................157 3.1.2. Haplotype distribution ..........................................................................159 3.1.3. Phylogeography and phylogenetic relationships....................................161 3.1.4. Genetic diversity within and among sites ..............................................162 3.1.5. Genetic differentiation ..........................................................................163 3.1.6. Assessment of population groups..........................................................165 3.2. Data analysis from mtDNA Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit I (COI) ......................166 3.2.1. Nucleotide composition ........................................................................166 3.2.2. Haplotype distribution ..........................................................................167 3.2.3. Phylogeography and phylogenetic relationships....................................167 3.2.4. Genetic diversity within and among sites ..............................................170 3.2.5. Genetic differentiation ..........................................................................172 3.2.6. Assessment of population groups..........................................................172 4. Discussion .................................................................................................................174 5. Conclusion.................................................................................................................176 6. Acknowledgement .....................................................................................................177 Conclusions of the Project .................................................................................................... 178 Project Outcomes ................................................................................................................. 179 Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................ 181 References ............................................................................................................................ 182 Appendices........................................................................................................................... 208 Appendix I. Questionnaires for Catch and Effort ..............................................................208 Appendix II. Report and Technical Papers ........................................................................215 Appendix III. List of Participants Attending Meetings and Workshops .............................261 Appendix IV. List of Focal Points for Genetic Study ........................................................286 Appendix V. Standard Operating Procedure for Genetic Study of Amblygaster sirm .........288 Appendix VI. Haplotype Distribution mtDNA Cyt b .........................................................2954 Appendix VII. Haplotype Distribution mtDNA COI .........................................................2987 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Appendix VIII. Overall Project Activities .........................................................................330010 Appendix IX. Poster of the Project....................................................................................330021 Appendix X. Project Related Activities .............................................................................330054 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 LIST OF TABLES Comparative Studies on Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region Table 1. Data availability on purse seine type in each AMS. ....................................................... 23 Table 2. The number of fishing boats in Viet Nam, 2008-2016. .................................................. 38 Table 3. Technical details of the purse seine vessels used in the study ‘Sustainable Pelagic Fisheries in the SCS, 2003-2005’. ............................................................................................................. 40 Table 4. Type of purse seine vessels in Cambodia waters. .......................................................... 41 Table 5. The differences between anchovy purse seine without spotlight and anchovy purse seine with spotlight. ............................................................................................................................ 44 Table 6. The number of purse seine fishing vessels in Myanmar................................................. 48 Table 7. The landings by anchovy purse seine in Myanmar, 2005-2014. ..................................... 50 Table 8. Details of net and vessel of Thai Purse Seine and Anchovy Purse Seine. ....................... 52 Table 9. Details on net of luring purse seine in different fishing areas in Viet Nam. ................... 54 Table 10. The issuer for fishing vessel license. ........................................................................... 67 Table 11. Zoning system and issuance level for licensing fishing vessels in Indonesia water. ..... 68 Table 12. Purse seine vessels specification by GRT in Indonesia. ............................................... 68 Table 13. Minimum mesh size at the bunt for purse seine vessels in Viet Nam. .......................... 72 Table 14. Minimum length of some small pelagic captured in Vietnamese waters. ..................... 73 Table 15. Implementation of yearly closed season for purse seine in Thailand. ........................... 81 Table 16. Growth and mortality parameters of small pelagic species in Brunei Darussalam. ....... 87 Table 17. Estimation of growth and mortality parameters of few small pelagic species in FMA 711, South China Sea, Indonesia. ....................................................................................................... 88 Table 18. Estimation of growth and mortalities in Andaman Sea, Indonesia. .............................. 88 Table 19. Estimation of growth and mortality parameters of small pelagic in South China Sea, Malaysia. ................................................................................................................................... 89 Table 20. Estimation of growth and mortalities of small pelagics in WCPM, Andaman Sea. ...... 89 Table 21. Population parameters of Tenualosa ilisha in Myanmar water, from October 2012 to September 2013. ........................................................................................................................ 90 Table 22. Estimation of growth and mortality parameters of some small pelagic in different sites in the Philippines............................................................................................................................ 90 Table 23. Estimation of growth and mortality parameters of small pelagic fish in Gulf of Thailand. .................................................................................................................................................. 91 Table 24. Estimation of growth and mortality parameters of anchovies in Andaman Sea, Thailand .................................................................................................................................................. 91 Table 25. Estimation of growth and mortality parameters of small pelagic in Viet Nam, 2011-2015. .................................................................................................................................................. 92 Table 26. Length at first maturity of two pelagic species in Brunei Darussalam, 2003-2005. ...... 93 Table 27. Length at first maturity of Rastrelliger brachysoma in Cambodia, 2004. ..................... 93 Table 28. Length at first maturity of common pelagic species in Natuna Sea, FMA 711(SCS), Indonesia.................................................................................................................................... 94 Table 29. Length at first maturity for mackerels in Malacca Strait, ANS, Indonesia, 2014. ......... 94 i SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Table 30. Length at first maturity of common pelagic species in SCS, Malaysia waters. ............. 95 Table 31. Length at first maturity of Rastrelliger kanagurta in ANS, Malaysia waters. .............. 95 Table 32. Length at first maturity of some commercially pelagic species in the Manila Bay, the Philippines waters. ..................................................................................................................... 96 Table 33. Length at first maturity of some commercially important pelagic species in Thailand waters. ....................................................................................................................................... 96 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Table 34. Length at first maturity of small pelagic species in Viet Nam, 2014-2015. .................. 97 Table 35. The local knowledge of spawning season for three small pelagic species in Brunei Darussalam. ............................................................................................................................... 99 Table 36. The spawning season for mackerel in Cambodia. ........................................................ 99 Table 37. The estimated spawning season for few small pelagic species in Natuna Sea (SCS). ..100 Table 38. The spawning season in Malacca Strait (ANS). ..........................................................100 Table 39. The estimated spawning season for species in SCS, Malaysia. ...................................101 Table 40. The estimated spawning season in ANS, Malaysia. ....................................................101 Table 41. The spawning time for Hilsa scad. .............................................................................101 Table 42. The spawning season for few small pelagic species in Manila Bay.............................102 Table 43. The estimated spawning season for five small pelagic species in GOT, SCS. .............102 Table 44. The spawning season for ten small pelagic species in ANS. .......................................103 Table 45. The spawning season for small pelagic species in different area in Viet Nam. ............104 Table 46. The estimation of small pelagic biomass in the continental shelf waters of Brunei Darussalam, 1989. .....................................................................................................................106 Table 47. Main results from estimation of the mackerel fisheries. ..............................................108 Table 48. The estimations of MSY of pelagic stock (non-tuna-fishes) through in-house study in 2011 and 2013. ..........................................................................................................................110 Table 49. Estimated stock status for small pelagic group at FMA 571 (ANS). ...........................111 Table 50. Estimated stock status of small pelagic group at FMA 711 (SCS). .............................111 Table 51. Biomass and MSY of pelagic stock in FMA 711 (SCS) by acoustic survey in 2016. ..112 Table 52. The estimation on status of pelagic stock in Malaysia through acoustic surveys. ........114 Table 53. Biomass estimates of pelagic fish during the 2013 survey. .........................................115 Table 54. Status of pelagic fish stocks in Thai waters, 2013. .....................................................119 Table 55. Maximum sustainable yield of pelagic fishes and anchovies for all fishing gears in Thai waters, 2017. .............................................................................................................................119 Table 56. Maximum sustainable yield of pelagic fishes and anchovies for all fishing gears in Thai waters, 2018. .............................................................................................................................119 Table 57. The estimated small pelagic fish stock in Viet Nam, 2011-2015. ................................121 Table 58. The landing of capture fisheries by purse seine in Southeast Asian region, 1996-2015. .................................................................................................................................................122 Table 59. The number of PS vessels (unit) in Southeast Asian region, 1996-2015. ....................125 Table 60. Available historical data for fishing effort by trips in the SCS and ANS ecosystems. .128 Table 61. Estimation of the MSY and target fMSY by Fox model for four AMSs in the SCS and ANS. .........................................................................................................................................133 Table 62. Estimation of ABC (MT) for Indonesia (ANS) and Malaysia (ANS) in the SEA region. .................................................................................................................................................135 Table 63. Estimation of ABC (MT) for SCS and ANS ecosystem. .............................................136 ii Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Genetic Study of Amblygaster sirm Inferred by Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in South China Sea and Andaman Sea Table 64. Sampling sites, sampling date, coordinates and number of specimens from Andaman Sea, South China Sea and Java Sea. ..................................................................................................153 Table 65. Molecular diversity index generated by ARLERQUIN version 3.11. .........................158 Table 66. Distribution of shared haplotypes for 10 populations of A. sirm inferred from mtDNA Cyt b gene. The highlighted box are the major haplotypes. ..............................................................160 Table 67. Genetic distance within population (highlighted cells) and among population of A. sirm inferred by mtDNA Cyt b. .................................................................................................163 Table 68. Population pairwise (FST) based on Cyt b sequence (highlighted box indicates significant (p < 0.05) FST values). ...............................................................................................................164 Table 69. The results of AMOVA testing genetic structuring based on Cyt b data. ....................165 Table 70. Population structured based on Cyt b differentiation in spatial analysis of molecular variance (SAMOVA). ...............................................................................................................166 Table 71. Molecular diversity indexes generated by ARLERQUIN version 3.1. ........................168 Table 72. Distribution of shared haplotypes for 8 populations of A. sirm inferred from mtDNA COI gene. The highlighted box are the major haplotypes. .................................................................168 Table 73. Genetic distance within population and among population of A. sirm inferred by mtDNA COI. ..........................................................................................................................................171 Table 74. Population pairwise (FST) based on COI sequence. (highlighted box indicates significant (p < 0.05) FST values). ...............................................................................................................172 Table 75. The results of AMOVA testing genetic structuring based on COI data. ......................173 Table 76. Population structured based on COI differentiation in spatial analysis of molecular variance (SAMOVA). ...............................................................................................................173 Table 77. Sampling sites and number of samples to be collected covering both the South China Sea and the Andaman Sea. ...............................................................................................................288 iii SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center LIST OF FIGURES Comparative Studies on Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region Figure 1. The Third Internal Workshop for ‘Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region’ in Kelantan, Malaysia, 6 - 7 January 2016. ................. 11 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Figure 2. The Regional Workshop on ‘Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region’, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 7 - 8 March 2017. .............. 11 Figure 3. The Fourth Internal Workshop on ‘Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region’, Terengganu, Malaysia 12 - 14 February 2018. ........... 12 Figure 4. The Genetic Analysis Workshop for Amblygaster sirm and Thunnus tonggol in Southeast Asian Region, Langkawi, Malaysia, 6 - 9 August 2018. ............................................................. 13 Figure 5. The Fifth Internal Workshop on ‘Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region’, Kelantan, Malaysia, 12 -14 February 2019. ................ 13 Figure 6. The Sixth Internal Workshop on Preparation of Terminal report for JTF VI Project - Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region, Pahang, Malaysia, 13 -17 October 2019. .................................................................................... 14 Figure 7. The 1st CEM on Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region’, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 26 - 28 August 2014. ................................. 15 Figure 8. The 2nd CEM on Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region’, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 9 - 11 August 2016. ................................... 16 Figure 9. The 3rd CEM on Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in Southeast Asian Region, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 12 - 14 September 2017. ............................. 16 Figure 10. The 4th CEM on Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in Southeast Asian Region, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 18 - 19 September 2018. ............................. 17 Figure 11. Determination of TAC in European Union Commission. ........................................... 25 Figure 12. The monthly marine capture fisheries production (MT) and value (B$) in 2016. ........ 30 Figure 13. The monthly marine capture fisheries production (MT) and value (B$) in 2017. ........ 31 Figure 14. The marine capture production in Cambodia, 1993-2015. .......................................... 32 Figure 15. Eleven (11) Fisheries Management Areas (FMA) in Indonesia marine waters. .......... 33 Figure 16. Malaysia and her maritime boundaries....................................................................... 34 Figure 17. The fishing landing from marine capture fisheries in Myanmar, 2000-2014. .............. 35 Figure 18. Municipal fisheries production of The Philippines, 2006-2015. ................................. 36 Figure 19. Commercial fisheries production of The Philippines, 2006-2015. .............................. 36 Figure 20. The marine capture fisheries production of Thailand, 1971-2011. .............................. 37 Figure 21. SEA marine capture fishery production by type of fishing gear used in 2016. ............ 38 Figure 22. Landing trend of commercial purse seine fisheries in Brunei Darussalam, 2001-2017.40 Figure 23. Purse seine long-tailed boats in Sihanoukville, Cambodia. ......................................... 41 Figure 24. Purse seine fishing vessel in Sihanoukville, Cambodia. ............................................ 42 Figure 25. Design of surrounding net and purse seine boat at Pekalongan, Central of Java. ........ 43 Figure 26. Design of purse seine net in Pemangkat, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. ...................... 43 Figure 27. Example of purse seine boat in Pemangkat, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. .................. 44 Figure 28. Design of purse seine net in Sarawak, Malaysia. ........................................................ 45 iv Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Figure 29. The example of purse seine vessel in Malaysia. ......................................................... 45 Figure 30. The purse seine landings in different areas in Malaysia, 2008-2013. .......................... 46 Figure 31. The total catch by purse seine, fish purse seine and anchovy purse seine in ECPM, 1993 -2017.......................................................................................................................................... 47 Figure 32. The landing by FPS according to boat GRT group in WCPM, 1984-2015.................. 47 Figure 33. The total landing of fish by purse seiners in Sarawak, 2009 - 2017. ........................... 48 Figure 34. Example of fish purse seine vessel in Rakhine, Myanmar. ......................................... 49 Figure 35. Example of the two boats seine or anchovy purse seine in Rakhine, Myanmar. .......... 49 Figure 36. The design of purse seine net in the Philippines. ........................................................ 50 Figure 37. The landings and number of purse seine boats in The Philippines, 1997-2017. .......... 51 Figure 38. The catch from Thai fish purse seiners in Thailand. ................................................... 52 Figure 39. The anchovies catch from anchovy purse seine in Thailand, 1972-2011. .................... 53 Figure 40. The landings by all types of purse seine in Thai waters, 1996-2016. .......................... 53 Figure 41. The landings by purse seine according to fishing areas in Viet Nam, 2007-2014. ....... 54 Figure 42. The total number of fishing boats and purse seine in Viet Nam, 2000-2017. .............. 55 Figure 43. Fishing zonation in Brunei Darussalam. .................................................................... 55 Figure 44. The fishing area of commercial purse seiners according respective companies registered in Brunei Darussalam where their FADs are being deployed. ..................................................... 56 Figure 45. The map of coastal areas of Cambodia....................................................................... 57 Figure 46. Natuna Sea and its adjacent waters (VII) in SCS, Indonesia. ...................................... 58 Figure 47. The purse seine fishing areas in Malacca Strait, ANS, Indonesia. .............................. 58 Figure 48. The EEZ water boundaries in Malaysia. .................................................................... 59 Figure 49. The main Fish Purse Seine fishing ground in WCPM, Malaysia. ............................... 59 Figure 50. The purse seine vessels in all fishing zones in Sabah, Malaysia. ................................ 60 Figure 51. The fishing zonation in the ECPM, Malaysia. ............................................................ 61 Figure 52. The revised fishing zonation in the WCPM, Malaysia. .............................................. 61 Figure 53. Four fishing grounds in Myanmar. ............................................................................. 62 Figure 54. Major purse seine fishing grounds in The Philippines. ............................................... 63 Figure 55. Fishing zones in the Gulf of Thailand (SCS) and Andaman Sea, Thailand. ................ 64 Figure 56. Fishing ground of purse seine fisheries in Viet Nam (Blue: NE; Red: SW). ............... 65 Figure 57. Fishing gears specification by zone in Brunei Darussalam. ........................................ 66 Figure 58. Some of Fisheries Act and regulations for marine capture fisheries in Indonesia. ....... 67 Figure 59. The location of oil/gas pipelines and platforms in Brunei Darussalam........................ 74 Figure 60. Koh Rong Archipelago Marine Fisheries Management Area. .................................... 75 Figure 61. The Marine Protected Areas in Malaysia. .................................................................. 77 Figure 62. The closed areas and closed seasons implemented in Myanmar. ................................ 78 Figure 63. Closed seasons implemented in the Philippines. ........................................................ 80 Figure 64. Examples of Marine Protected Areas in Viet Nam. .................................................... 82 Figure 65. Species composition of pelagic fishes in Brunei Darussalam, 1996-2016. .................. 83 Figure 66. Species composition of pelagic fishes in Cambodia, 2003-2005................................. 84 Figure 67. Species composition of pelagic fishes in Indonesia, 1996-2014. ................................ 84 Figure 68. Species composition of pelagic fishes in Malaysia, 1996-2016 (SCS) and 2000-2016 (ANS). ....................................................................................................................................... 85 Figure 69. Species composition of pelagic fishes in Myanmar, 2006-2014. ................................ 85 v SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Figure 70. Species composition of pelagic fishes in The Philippines. .......................................... 86 Figure 71. Species composition of pelagic fishes in Thailand, 1996-2016. .................................. 86 Figure 72. Spawning area in Brunei Darussalam. ....................................................................... 98 Figure 73. The MSY of PS fisheries using the number of vessels as standard fishing effort in Brunei Darussalam, 2001-2013. ............................................................................................................107 Figure 74. The maximum sustainable yield and actual catch of mackerel, 1992-2006. ...............108 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Figure 75. Cruise tracks of hydro-acoustic survey in the FMA 711, SCS in 2016. ....................109 Figure 76. The horizontal distribution of pelagic fish density (fish/1000 m3) in 4 depth layers, 2016. .................................................................................................................................................112 Figure 77. Acoustic distribution and abundance of two groups of pelagic species along the Rakhine coastal, 2013. ............................................................................................................................115 Figure 78. The MSY for pelagic species in The Philippines,1996. .............................................117 Figure 79. Status of Philippine small pelagic fishes by fishing ground based on Exploitation (E) values using NSAP length-frequency data in 2015. ...................................................................117 Figure 80. Inter-annual variation of landing (MT) for seven AMSs in the SCS ecosystem. ........124 Figure 81. Inter-annual variation of landing (MT) for four AMSs in the ANS ecosystem...........124 Figure 82. Inter-annual variation for no. of PS vessels (unit) for seven AMSs in the SCS ecosystem. .................................................................................................................................................126 Figure 83. Inter-annual variation for no. of PS vessels (unit) for four AMSs in the ANS ecosystem. .................................................................................................................................................127 Figure 84. Inter-annual variation for trip (trips) of four AMSs in the SCS ecosystem. ...............129 Figure 85. Inter-annual variation for trip (trips) of three AMSs in the ANS ecosystem. .............129 Figure 86. Trend of CPUE (by trip) for four AMSs in the SCS ecosystem. ................................130 Figure 87. Trend of CPUE (by trip) for three AMSs in the ANS ecosystem. ..............................131 Figure 88. Fox Models illustrated by the pelagic fisheries off SCS and ANS for four AMSs. (Note: Dotted line shows 80% of Fmsy as recommended by Sparre and Venema, 1992). .....................133 Figure 89. The graph of Biomass vs Catch for situation of purse seine fishery in Indonesia SCS (Graph illustrated by Prof. Dr. Matsuishi)..................................................................................134 Figure 90. Feedback Control Analysis (Rule 2-2) for Indonesia (ANS) and Malaysia (ANS). ....136 Figure 91. Feedback Control Analysis (Rule 2-2) for SCS and ANS ecosystems. ......................137 Genetic Study of Amblygaster sirm Inferred by Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in South China Sea and Andaman Sea Figure 92. Sampling locations of Amblygaster sirm amplified for mtDNA gene analyzed in the present study. ............................................................................................................................152 Figure 93. The spotted sardinella (Amblygaster sirm). ...............................................................153 Figure 94. Evolutionary history as inferred using Neighbor- Joining method (K2P distance) with 1000 bootstrap replicates between mtDNA Cyt b haplotypes in A. sirm rooted with Genbank Sardinella gibbosa (NC 037131.1) and Sardinella longiceps (NC 033407.1). The number of each node represented bootstrap proportions for NJ analysis. ............................................................161 Figure 95. Minimum Spanning Network (MSN) inferred from mtDNA Cyt b gene. Coloured close vi Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 circles represented different region (refer to the legend). ...........................................................162 Figure 96. Evolutionary history as inferred using Neighbor-Joining method (K2P distance) with 1000 bootstrap replicates between mtDNA COI haplotypes in A. sirm rooted with Genbank Dussumieria elopsoides, Sardinella gibbosa and Sardinella aurita. The number of node represents bootstrap proportions for NJ analysis (nodes less than 50% are omitted). ..................................169 Figure 97. Minimum Spanning Network (MSN) inferred from mtDNA COI gene. Colored close circles represented different region (refer to the legend). ...........................................................169 vii SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ABC Allowable Biological Catch AMS ASEAN Member State ANS Andaman Sea APS Anchovy Purse Seine BMSY Biomass Maximum Sustainable Yield CCSBT Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 CEM Core Expect Meeting COI Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit I CPUE Catch Per Unit of Effort ECPM East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia EEZ Economic Exclusive Zones FAD Fish Aggregating Device FDD Fishery Dependent Data FID Fishery Independent Data FMA Fisheries Management Area FMP Fisheries Management Plan FPS Fish Purse Seine GoT Gulf of Thailand GRT Gross Registered Tonnage GT Gross Tonnage HP Horse Power IUU Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated JTF Japanese Trust Fund LL Light Luring LM Length at First Maturity LOA Length Overall MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries MCS Monitoring, Control and Surveillance MFMA Marine Fisheries Management Area MMA Marine Managed Areas MPA Marine Protected Area MSN Minimum Spanning Network MSY Maximum Sustainable Yield MT Metric tonnes NM Nautical mile PS Purse Seine RFMO Regional Fisheries Management Organisations SCS South China Sea SEA Southeast Asian SPS Sardine/Scad Purse Seine TAC Total Allowable Catch TAE Total Allowable Effort TPS Tuna Purse Seine TRP Target Reference Point UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea VMS Vessel Monitoring System WCPM West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia viii Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In Southeast Asia region, simple purse seining has been used since the nineteenth century, to exploit the pelagic fishes (Raja Bidin & Abdul Razak, 2016; Morgan & Staples, 2006). Nowadays, modern purse seine vessels are equipped with radar, depth sounder, sonar transceiver, and satellite navigational instruments (SEAFDEC, 2017). In 2016, Purse Seine (PS) fishery contributes second largest (30.5%) to the marine capture fisheries (SEAFDEC, 2018) reflecting the significance of purse seiners in the SEA region. SEAFDEC/MFRDMD initiated the activities of the Japanese Trust Fund (JTF) VI project entitled “Comparative Studies on the Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region” under Japanese Trust Fund (JTF) in 2013. Initially the project was planned for five years (2013 – 2017) but was extended to 2019 by the JTF Manager. The goal of this project is to propose management strategies for sustainable PS fisheries in the region. MFRDMD had coordinated the project with eight (8) ASEAN Member States (AMSs), namely Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam, with assistance from SEAFDEC/Secretariat and SEAFDEC/TD. The target fish in this project is the small pelagic fish exploited by purse seiners in South China Sea (SCS) and Andaman Sea (ANS). The four main project activities are; (i) Compilation and comparison of annual Catch Per Unit of Effort (CPUE) where data are available for the past two decades; (ii) Comparing the PS fisheries management systems; (iii) Conducting a genetic on a commercially important small pelagic fish targeted by PS fisheries in SCS and ANS; (iv) Recommendations on management strategies for sustainable PS fisheries in the SEA region. The planned activities covered the most appropriate unit of effort for stock assessment, fisheries management systems in the world including Total Allowable Catch (TAC) to choose the management measures applicable to the PS fisheries in the region, and a genetic study on spotted sardinella, Amblygaster sirm for determination of genetic stock structure. These activities are essential since the effective management of shared stock requires measures to be taken in the whole region even covering areas beyond national waters. The activities undertaken throughout the project duration from 2013 to 2019 were four Core Expert Meetings and eight workshops including six internal workshops and two regional workshops. 1 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center The methodology for the comparative study on PS fisheries is involving the compilation and analysis of historical catch and effort data. The questionnaires regarding the required biological, catch, effort and related information was designed during the 1st Core Expert Meeting ‘The Core Meeting on Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region’ on 26-28 August 2014 and sent to the participating AMSs. Feedbacks to the questionnaires ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 include: (i) Trend of landings/total catch; (ii) Trend of number of vessels and gross tonnage; (iii) Trend of CPUE (landings/number of vessels/year); (iv) Species composition; (v) Growth Parameters; (vi) Length at first maturity, Lm; (vii) Spawning season; (viii) Maximum Sustainable Yield, MSY. Besides feedback from questionnaires, the information on PS fisheries in SEA region was also provided by representatives from AMSs during the core expert meetings and regional workshops, and were updated from 2014 until end of 2018. The catch and effort data were analysed to plot the trends of landing, effort and CPUE, moreover the biological information on small pelagic fish and other information on PS fisheries were compiled. Among various types of PS, the Fish Purse Seine (FPS) and Anchovy Purse Seine (APS) are actively exploiting pelagic fish in SEA region. However, recently, Cambodia and the Philippines shifted their fishing gear to gillnet and ring net respectively to catch the pelagic fish. As a part of fisheries management, licensing the PS vessels are compulsory in all AMSs. The implementation of licensing scheme encompasses various aspects such as the regulations on tonnage of vessels, engine power, mesh size, length of seine net and others. The license needs to be re-new annually in most AMSs, and biennially in few AMSs. All AMSs have its own Marina Protected Areas (MPAs) in which PS operation is prohibited in order to protect the juvenile fish. The fish species composition showed that sardines, anchovies, Indo Pacific mackerels, round scads, neritic tunas, Indian mackerels, selar scads and hardtail scads are among dominating small pelagic fish exploited by PS in the SEA region. Few AMSs faced some difficulties in fish identification which resulted the unidentified fish was grouped as other pelagic fish, thus caused imprecise fish species composition. A handful of biological parameters such as growth, mortalities, length at first maturity and spawning season of some commercially important pelagic species were also compiled from numerous studies in AMSs. In situations where the data are limited, the stock assessment is being carried out using simple holistic method which can be either fishery-independent data survey or fishery-dependent data survey. All these methods of data collection have been widely used to assess the pelagic resources in the SEA region since 1970s. The fishery-dependent data combines with data from 2 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 fishery independent surveys will provide a more accurate picture of stock status. The existing information on pelagic fisheries resource are: (i) Brunei Darussalam studied the stock assessment on PS fisheries using the catch and effort data from 2001 to 2013; (ii) Cambodia done the stock assessment on mackerels (Rastrelliger spp.) using catch and effort data from 1992 to 2006; (iii) Indonesia carried out an acoustic survey in Fisheries Management Area (FMA) 711 (SCS) in 2016; (iv) Malaysia performed acoustic surveys at West Coast pf Peninsular Malaysia (WCPM) in 2013, East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (ECPM) in 2013-2014, Sarawak and Sabah in 2015; (v) Myanmar had its latest stock assessment in 2015 using the research vessel Dr Fridtjof Nansen; (vi) The Philippines managed to update the small pelagic fish status using the length-frequency analysis and exploitation grades in 2015; (vii) Thailand used the Fox surplus production model in analysing the pelagic fishes and anchovies for all fishing gears in Thai waters in 2017 and 2018; (viii) Viet Nam conducted a comprehensive survey in Vietnamese Sea from 2011 to 2015. Realizing the different method used by AMSs in assessing its fisheries resources, MFRDMD attempted to determine the stock status using a standard method applicable to all AMSs so that the results were standardized and comparable. Initially, TAC (Total Allowable Catch) was considered as a possible management measure for PS fisheries in the SEA region. However, after a few consultations with the Resource Persons (RPs), it was found that TAC was not applicable as the compiled data was inadequate with the requirements of the TAC system. Moreover, the TAC system is unsuitable in the multispecies situation of PS fisheries in the region. Then, the project adopted other appropriate and suitable managements measures, such as Production Model and Feedback Control. The scientific advices and recommendations on management measures in this project were suggested to certain AMSs based on Production Model and Feedback Control analyses. Effort by number of trips was chosen as the unit of effort for calculation of CPUE since most AMSs do not have hauls or days per trip data. The number of trips data is more stable compared to the effort using number of PS vessels (unit). Only Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand managed to provide sufficient fishing effort by number of trips. MFRDMD calculated the CPUE of pelagic resources from the compiled data. Apparently, in SCS ecosystem, Brunei Darussalam (2005-2015) has the most stable trend of CPUE. Malaysia and Thailand (1996-2015) also showed stable trend of CPUE but drastically changed at latter years, while Indonesia (2005- 2014) has decreasing CPUE over years despite of having high catch from PS fleets. 3 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center The calculated CPUE was then used in Production Model analyses to illustrate the pelagic status (for AMSs with adequate catch and effort data). The Fox model was chosen because its r2 values are more precise than the Schaefer model. Results from analyses showed that the current fishing effort (F, by trip) in Indonesia SCS had extremely exceeded the estimated target fMSY level. It is assumed that the pelagic stock in that area was long overfished. It is a concern that due to low ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 productivity, pelagic stock in this area will collapsed in future if the trend of excessive fishing effort continues, thus highly suggested Indonesian fishery authorities to decrease the effort. On the other hand, the estimated MSY and target fMSY level of Brunei Darussalam showed that its pelagic fishery resources are at sustainable level. The current effort for Thailand SCS and ANS in 2015 had reached the estimated fMSY level. Meanwhile Malaysian (ECPM) pelagic resource was currently fully-exploited since the estimated MSY level was reached in 2014. The fishery authorities in Malaysia and Thailand are advised not to increase the current fishing effort, therefore reducing the fishing effort and current catch is the best option for conservation purpose towards sustainable pelagic fisheries. In addition, the Feedback Control (Rule 2-2) analysis was done at country and ecosystem level. The Allowable Biological Catch (ABC) value estimated at country level was done only for Indonesia (ANS) and Malaysia (ANS) which have scarce data. Since each AMS has different system in regards to statistical data and information collection, analysis at country level is ought to be more appropriate evaluation. The result of the analysis showed that the pelagic stock in Indonesia (ANS) and Malaysia (ANS) were sustainably exploited. On the hand, the analysis at ecosystem level showed that the current catch in 2014 already reached the estimated ABC for both SCS and ANS ecosystem. It can be assumed that the pelagic resources in SCS and ANS is still sustained. However, in reality, the accuracy of the analyses at ecosystem level is questionable due to: i) biasness (the ecosystem analyses were not represented by all AMSs); ii) high dispersion; and iii) uncertainties of data. Thus, this project could not provide comprehensive evidence to assist stakeholders in developing the fisheries management plan at ecosystem level. It is worth to note that all ABC analyses at country and ecosystem levels may not represent the present (2019) status of pelagic fish in the SEA region since the catch data ended in 2014 or 2015. The present status might be different from results of these analyses. The genetic study of the project was entitled as “Genetic Study of Amblygaster sirm Inferred by Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in South China Sea and Andaman Sea”. The spotted sardinella, A. sirm can be distinguished easily from other species of sardines by the presence of a series of 10 4 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 to 20 gold spots (in live or fresh specimens) or black spots (in preserved specimens) along the lateral line, but sometimes the spots are missing. In this study, tissue samples of 35 fishes of A. sirm from every site were collected from ten (10) localities in the South China Sea (Muara, Brunei Darussalam; Kuching, Kuantan, Kudat, Malaysia; Songkhla, Thailand; Palawan, Zambales, The Philippines); two (2) sites in Andaman Sea (Ranong, Thailand and Banda Aceh, Indonesia) and one (1) site in Java Sea (Pekalongan, Indonesia). Both DNA markers which were Cytochrome b and Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit I (COI) had revealed two highly genetic divergent stocks, which is northern Andaman Sea (Ranong) versus the rest of populations i.e included South China Sea (Muara, Kuantan, Kuching, Kudat, Palawan, Zambales and Songkhla), Java Sea (Pekalongan) and southern Andaman Sea (Banda Aceh). It should be noted that this species could not be found in the Strait of Malacca (Carpenter and Niem, 1999). Thus, it is suggested that these stocks should be independently managed. Further study to identify the possibility of A. sirm in Ranong being a cryptic species in this region is highly recommended. There are few factors that influence the outcomes of this project. Since this project involves the historical catch and effort data on PS fishing gear, therefore comprehensive and reliable data became the main factor in influencing the degree of analysis results. Many catch and effort data sent by representatives of AMSs during regional meetings, workshop and through emails were patchy, insufficient time series and was not in format requested. In some cases, the data submitted was questionable, thus bring the concern of data integrity. In certain cases, no response was given when a request for data verification was sent. Besides that, some issues like change of fishing gears in certain AMSs that occurred in the middle of the project duration also effected the analysis. For instance, Cambodian fishers changed their fishing gear from PS to gill nets in its small pelagic fisheries since 2013 and the Philippines too has focus on the use of ring nets instead of PS. Also, the multispecies situation in pelagic fisheries in SEA region has caused huge species aggregation on catch categories. Multispecies fisheries are subject to widely distributed and homogenously mixed fish stocks which lead to non-selective exploitation. Thus, the implementation of TAC for specific species in SEA region could not be possible. Based on the issues faced in this project, the recommendations for PS fisheries management in the SEA region are divided into five categories as follows: 1. Recommendations for data and information collection includes (i) all AMSs should improve their data and information collection especially catch and effort; (ii) AMSs should ensure that data collection is well timed and accurate and in accordance to standard 5 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center format to enable sound statistical analysis; (iii) AMSs should consider sharing of the catch and effort data in accordance to the agreed procedures. 2. Recommendations for input controls (fishing capacity) includes (i) Enhance the licensing scheme; (ii) Control the number of PS vessels; (iii) Limit the size of PS vessels; (iv) Limit ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 the allowable fishing days. 3. Recommendations for output controls (catch) includes (i) Introduce the catch quota system; (ii) Improve bycatch handling (non-target species). 4. Recommendations for technical controls includes (i) Use larger mesh size; (ii) Limit the length and depth of seine net; (iii) Register and control number of Fishing Aggregating Devices (FADs); (iv) Control the total light intensity of spotlights for luring fish; (v) Encourage establishment of a zoning system (with gear specification); (vi) Identify and establish closed area for specific species; (vii) Encourage AMSs to introduce closed season for specific species. 5. Recommendations for strengthening PS fisheries management includes (i) Review Legal Framework periodically; (ii) Establish Fisheries Management Plan (FMP); (iii) Strengthen the monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) activities among national enforcement agencies; (iv) Integrate the MCS networking among the AMSs within the same ecosystem; (v) Assessment on PS fishing capacity; (vi) Control of fishing capacity; (vii) Introduce exit plan; (viii) Enhance the capacity building; (ix) Encourage co- management involving coastal fishing community. In conclusion, for sustainable PS fisheries, AMSs are recommended to use the Production Model to determine the optimum level of effort (fMSY) when they have sufficient and reliable catch and effort data. However, if the data is not sufficient, AMSs may use the Feedback Control (Rule 2-2) which determine the ABC. The TAC system cannot be used in context of the multispecies fisheries in the Southeast Asia region. 6 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT The global growing fish consumption is the vital call to increase fish and fish products’ production to secure the availability of food and nutrition for the growing human population. The number of fishing fleets exploring the vast sea is increasing since 1970s to cater the demand. For the past decades, approximately 53.0% of world fisheries production comes from countries in Asia continent, majorly contributed by Southeast Asian countries that maintained 6.8% annual increment trend, from 16.9 million MT in 2000 to 42.2 million MT in 2014 (SEAFDEC, 2017). The coastal and marine waters of Southeast Asian countries are among the most productive areas in the world. However, the nature of tropical waters consists of highly diverse multi-species fish, thus intrinsically more complex than the composition of fish found in the northern waters. This has resulted in the use of multi-fishing gears and methods. The rapid development of commercial marine fisheries in SEA over the past few decades is due to the work of many production methods and fisheries like trawling, purse seining, shrimp trawling, tuna longlining, drift netting, trolling and other industrial fishing operations (Morgan and Staples, 2006). Purse seine is the most productive gear in contributing pelagic landings after trawl (SEAFDEC 2018). Introduced into SEA region since 19th century, as alternative to trawls, purse seiners since then become popular commercial fleet to catch the small pelagic fish, for instance, the effect was very significant in Gulf of Thailand (GoT) that seen a dramatic increase in the total pelagic catch from 63,000 MT in 1971 to 480,000 MT in 1977 and then became the dominant fishing gear in other countries like Indonesia and The Philippines (Morgan & Staples, 2006). Many types of purse seines are used, among them are fish purse seine, anchovy purse seine, Thai purse seine, luring purse seine and tuna purse seine. This type of commercial operation is commonly associated with the use of fish aggregating devices, luring lights, and other devices to herd the pelagic fish. Nowadays, the modern purse seine vessels are equipped with radar, depth sounder, sonar transceiver, and satellite navigational instruments (SEAFDEC, 2017). The expansion of purse seining in the region was essentially unregulated (Morgan & Staples, 2006), and it was not long before it caused some concern associated with the small pelagic species resources being overexploited. The challenge now is to exploit the seas in a sustainable manner that preserves the diversity of marine life while providing the people with a source of food long into the future (Butcher, 2004). Thus it is necessary to develop management strategies to bring in the long-term sustainable PS fisheries in SEA region. 7 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center The traditional fisheries management techniques are challenging to apply since this region has one of the most diverse marine ecosystems in the world and currently there is no consensus on the most appropriate ways to manage these tropical multispecies and multi-gear fisheries (IFFO the Marine Ingredients Organisation, 2019). Management of purse seine fisheries has not been considerably pursued due to the inadequate information on the stocks of the small pelagic fishes ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 (Raja Bidin & Abdul Razak, 2016). Moreover, the expansion of Economic Exclusive Zones (EEZ) to 200 nautical miles adopted by United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in 1982, without effective Monitoring, Control and Surveillance (MCS) and fisheries management schemes, has causes the illegal fishing activities in the EEZs of neighbouring countries been unrestrained, thus jeopardizing the transboundary fish resources. To ensure the sustainability of these pelagic resources, formulation of management strategies of PS fisheries is essential. Considering the likeliness of these pelagic stocks shared by countries bordering with the same ecosystem both in the Andaman Sea and the South China Sea, the management measures will be only effective when it covers the whole region area that is beyond the national waters. At the outset, it is crucial to take a look at the status of purse seine fisheries in eight AMSs, namely: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, the Philippines, and Viet Nam. Then, the stock of the pelagic fish in each country was analysed to find the applicable management measures. This project corresponds to #10 of Resolution at the ASEAN-SEAFDEC conference in 2011 (Strengthen knowledge/science-based development and management of fisheries through enhancing the national capacity in the collection and sharing of fisheries data and information) and #22 of Plan of Action (Establish and strengthen regional and sub-regional coordination on fisheries management and efforts to combat Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing including the development of regional/sub-regional Monitoring, Control and Surveillance (MCS) networks). This project is linked with the preceding JTF II Phase One project “Information Collection for Sustainable Pelagic Fisheries in the South China Sea” (2002-2006) and JTF II Phase Two project “Tagging Program for Economically Important Small Pelagic Species in the South China Sea and the Andaman Sea” (2007-2012). Initially scheduled for five-years, the project was expanded and completed in seven-years duration (2013-2019) considering the significance of the project to the region. 8 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT There are five objectives for this project. Objective 1: To compile and compare annual catch per unit effort (CPUE) data for the last three decades in Malaysia and Thailand where historical catch-effort statistics had been collected by SEAFDEC and to interpret the resources trends in the region. Objective 2: To assess which unit of effort is most appropriate for Malaysia, Thailand, and other member countries and to examine other indicators for stock assessment. Objective 3: To compare the existing management systems/measures of purse seine fisheries including Total Allowable Catch (TAC) systems in the world to examine which management system/measure is applicable for management of purse seine fishery in the region. Objective 4: To compare the genetic structures of commercially important small pelagic species in the region by studying one species of the commercially important sardines. Objective 5: To propose management strategies for sustainable purse seine fisheries in the Southeast Asian region based on available data. 9 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center PROJECT ACTIVITIES 1. Regional and Internal Workshops ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 MFRDMD have successfully organized eight workshops; i. 1st Internal Workshop: 18-20 November 2013 (Terengganu, Malaysia). ii. 2nd Internal Workshop: 25-27 November 2014 (Kelantan, Malaysia). iii. 3rd Internal Workshop: 6-7 January 2016 (Kelantan, Malaysia). iv. Regional Workshop: 7-8 March 2017 (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia). v. 4th Internal Workshop: 12-14 February 2018 (Terengganu, Malaysia). vi. Genetic Workshop: 6-9 August 2018 (Langkawi, Malaysia). vii. 5th Internal Workshop: 12-14 February 2019 (Kelantan, Malaysia). viii. 6th Internal Workshop: 13-17 October 2019 (Pahang, Malaysia). The first internal workshop was conducted in Merang, Terengganu, Malaysia in 18 - 20 November 2013 attended by officials from MFRDMD and the local resource person, Dr. Alias bin Man. The workshop was informed on the trends of landings for PS, trends of CPUE of FPS in Thailand, trend of CPUE by standardized GRT for commercial PS in Malaysia, and also on CPUE vs Effort by GRT, CPUE vs Effort by number of unit vessels in Malaysia and Thailand respectively. The second internal workshop was conducted in Tok Bali, Kelantan, Malaysia from 25 to 27 November 2014 involving officials from MFRDMD. The workshop focused on synthesis of publication of the Current Status of Purse Seine Fisheries in the SEA region. Catch and effort data, trends and status of pelagic stock were among the information extracted from the country reports provided by AMSs. Next, the third internal workshop was conducted in Tok Bali, Kelantan, Malaysia in 6 -7 January 2016 attended by local resource persons, officials from DOF Malaysia (FRI) and officials from MFRDMD (Figure 1). The workshop aimed to discuss the regional synthesis of general PS fisheries information. 10 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Figure 1. The Third Internal Workshop for ‘Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region’ in Kelantan, Malaysia, 6 - 7 January 2016. A regional workshop on ‘Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region’ was convened in March 2017 attended by six (6) participating AMSs, a regional resource person (Professor Matsuishi Takashi Fritz) from Japan and the representatives from SEAFDEC Secretariat and SEAFDEC/TD (Figure 2). New options for PS fisheries analysis were introduced, namely the Allowable Biological Catch (ABC) and Allowable Biological Effort (ABE), that are more suitable for multispecies situation in SEA region. Feedback control (Rule 2-1 and Rule 2-2) were also considered as applicable method in analysing the PS fisheries. Figure 2. The Regional Workshop on ‘Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region’, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 7 - 8 March 2017. 11 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center The fourth internal was organized in Dungun, Terengganu, Malaysia in February 2018 to discuss the catch and effort data by using other method/model than Feedback Control method (Rule 2-1 and Rule 2-2) (Figure 3). During the workshop, the Surplus Production Model was introduced and explained by local resource person, Dr. Rumeaida Mat Piah. All participants agreed to use number of trips as the effort unit because of the consistencies of yearly trend and data availability ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 compared to other fishing effort. Subsequently, outputs generated during the workshop became main key in the regional analysis for the project. Figure 3. The Fourth Internal Workshop on ‘Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region’, Terengganu, Malaysia 12 - 14 February 2018. MFRDMD has organized a regional genetic workshop at Langkawi, Malaysia in August 2018 (Figure 4). During this workshop, the genetic experts suggested that there were different species or sub-species of A. sirm in SEA due to the different genetic content between samples from two ecosystems which were SCS region (including Banda Acheh) and northern ANS region (Ranong). 12 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Figure 4. The Genetic Analysis Workshop for Amblygaster sirm and Thunnus tonggol in Southeast Asian Region, Langkawi, Malaysia, 6 - 9 August 2018. The fifth internal workshop held in Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia in February 2019 (Figure 5) was intended to enhance the knowledge regarding the fisheries management. The workshop agreed to publish the terminal report of the JTF VI project by the end of year 2019. The workshop also discussed on the direction for the next project, the JTF VI Phase Two. Figure 5. The Fifth Internal Workshop on ‘Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region’, Kelantan, Malaysia, 12 -14 February 2019. 13 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center The final (sixth) internal workshop was held in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia in October 2019 (Figure 6) with the focus on preparing the terminal report of the project. The meeting discussed on recommendations for management measures of PS fisheries in SEA region that appropriated with the results of the Feedback Control and Production Model analyses. ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Figure 6. The Sixth Internal Workshop on Preparation of Terminal report for JTF VI Project - Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region, Pahang, Malaysia, 13 -17 October 2019. 2. Regional Core Expert Meeting (CEM) Four regional Core Expert Meetings were successfully convened in Malaysia to discuss the project progress and achievements. i. 1st CEM: 26-28 August 2014 (Furama Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia). ii. 2nd CEM: 9-11 August 2016 (Furama Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia). iii. 3rd CEM: 12-14 September 2017 (Furama Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia). iv. 4th CEM: 18-19 September 2018 (Melia Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia). 14 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 The first CEM entitled “The Core Meeting on Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region” was held in August 2014, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The meeting was attended by the representatives from Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, The Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam, the Resource Persons from Japan and Malaysia, the representatives from SEAFDEC/Secretariat, SEAFDEC/TD and DOF Malaysia, as well as the Chief, Deputy Chief and officials from SEAFDEC/MFRDMD (Figure 7). Figure 7. The 1st CEM on Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region’, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 26 - 28 August 2014. Then, MFRDMD had convened “The 2nd CEM on Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region” in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in August 2016. The meeting was attended by representatives from Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, The Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam as well as an observer from Lao PDR. The resource persons from Japan and Malaysia, representatives from SEAFDEC/Secretariat, SEAFDEC/TD, DOF Malaysia and the Chief, Deputy Chief and officials from MFRDMD were attended the meeting too (Figure 8). The meeting shared the latest information on the characteristics of catch and effort of small pelagic PS fisheries in each participating AMSs, analysed the comparison between application of TAC, Total Allowable Effort (TAE) and other management options for its data requirement, and understood the population structure of a major species which was A. sirm. The publication of the report on the 2nd CEM was issued on 2017 (Appendix II) and the list of participants were attached in the Appendix III. 15 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Figure 8. The 2nd CEM on Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region’, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 9 - 11 August 2016. “The 3rd Core Expert Meeting on Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in Southeast Asian Region” was organized in September 2017 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Figure 9). Members of the meeting shared the latest information about landings and CPUEs of PS fisheries in the region, learnt about TAC management and the implementation of TAC in Thailand and Target Reference Point (TRP) in the Philippines. Progress on genetic study for sardine A. sirm was also presented. The publication of the report on the 3rd CEM was issued on 2018 (Appendix II). Figure 9. The 3rd CEM on Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in Southeast Asian Region, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 12 - 14 September 2017. 16 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 The final CEM meeting entitled “The 4th Core Expert Meeting on Comparative Studies for Management of PS Fisheries in SEA Region” was held in September 2018 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Figure 10). The participating AMSs shared the updated information on catch and effort data of PS fisheries, provided the clarification for any questionable data, shared the latest/additional output based on the regional synthesis of PS fisheries and discussed the most appropriate management measures for PS fisheries in the region. The meeting also disclosed that the result of the regional analysis can only be assumed as a good scientific trial but not as scientific recommendations due to limitations of data. The importance of accurate and realiable statistical data for future analysis were emphasized. The publication of the report on the 4th CEM was issued on 2019 (Appendix II). Figure 10. The 4th CEM on Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in Southeast Asian Region, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 18 - 19 September 2018. 17 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON MANAGEMENT OF PURSE SEINE FISHERIES IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN REGION ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Prepared and analysed by: Mohammad Faisal Md Saleh Raja Bidin Raja Hassan Taki Kenji Matsuishi Takashi Fritz Nurul Nadwa Abdul Fatah Khairiah Jaafar Corresponding author: Mohammad Faisal Md Saleh SEAFDEC/MFRDMD, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia mohd_faisal@seafdec.org.my 18 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 ABSTRACT The ‘Comparative Studies on the Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region’ intended to establish suitable management measures exclusively for purse seine fisheries (PS) in the region. The project started with the compilation of purse seine catch-effort statistic from eight AMSs, for two decades from 1996 to 2015. The fish species composition showed that sardines, anchovies, Indo Pacific mackerels, round scads, neritic tunas, Indian mackerels, selar scads and hardtail scads are among dominating small pelagic fish exploited by PS in the SEA region. The effort per trip was chosen as the most suitable unit of effort compare to other effort unit, and catch per unit effort (CPUE) was used to examine the status of pelagic resource. The TAC system was found not suitable due to multispecies situation of PS fisheries in the region and, other management measures i.e Production Model and Feedback Control analyses were decided being more applicable for management of purse seine fisheries in SEA region. The Production Model enables AMSs to determine the optimum level of effort (fMSY) when they have sufficient and reliable catch and effort data. However, if the data are insufficient, AMSs may use the Feedback Control (Rule 2-2) which determine the Allowable Biological Catch (ABC). Based on the findings of this project, the Production Model (Fox) analysis revealed that exploitation of pelagic resources by purse seiners in Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia and Thailand are already at sustainable level, thus increasing the fishing effort is not recommended. However, the pelagic resources in Indonesia (SCS) is not at sustainable level, thus it is highly recommended for them to reduce their fishing effort as much as possible until it reaches one third (1/3) of its current effort. During seven-year project duration, there were some issues arose, for instance, the reliability of the compiled data, i.e. some AMSs were not able to fulfil all the parameters established by MFRDMD. Hence, recommendations on improvement of data and information collection as well on input, output, and technical controls were offered to AMSs for the purpose of sustainable purse seine fisheries. 19 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center 1. Introduction The coastal and marine waters of Southeast Asian countries are among the most productive areas in the world (Aprilani Soegiarto, 2010). For the past decades, approximately 53.0% of world fisheries production comes from countries in Asia, majorly contributed by (SEA) countries ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 (SEAFDEC, 2017). Small pelagic fish are more important for food in this region than in any others, accounting for about one-third of the landings, followed by demersal species and tunas (Hongskul, 1999). The catch of small pelagic fish in SEA countries had made up 30% of the total fisheries catch in 2010 (Abu Talib, Mohammad Faisal, Raja Bidin, Mohd Tamimi, & Katoh, 2013). Previous regional projects such as JTF II Phase One project “Information Collection for Sustainable Pelagic Fisheries in the South China Sea” (2002-2006) and JTF II Phase Two project “Tagging Program for Economically Important Small Pelagic Species in the South China Sea and the Andaman Sea” (2007-2012) had contemplated on collecting data regarding the economically important small pelagic species in the SEA waters. Purse seining, introduced in 19th century, quickly became popular commercial fleet to catch the small pelagic fish, as alternative to trawling in SEA waters (Morgan & Staples, 2006). Many types of purse seines are used, among them are fish purse seine (FPS), anchovy purse seine (APS), Thai purse seine (TPS), luring purse seine (LPS), tuna purse seine, and others. This type of commercial operation is commonly associated with the use of fish aggregating devices (FADs), luring lights, and other devices to herd the pelagics. Nowadays, the modern purse seine vessels are equipped with radar, depth sounder, sonar transceiver, and satellite navigational instruments (SEAFDEC, 2017). The expansion into purse seining in the region was essentially unregulated (Morgan & Staples, 2006), and it was not long before it caused some concern associated with the small pelagic species resources being overexploited in many areas. The catch of small pelagics was gradually decreased; from 3.7 million MT in 2010 (Abu Talib, Mohammad Faisal, Raja Bidin, Mohd Tamimi, & Katoh, 2013) to 3.5 million MT (SEAFDEC, 2017). Unfortunately, many fisheries in SEA are facing substantial pressures due to human population pressures, overexploitation of marine resources and poor enforcement or lack of fishing regulations targeting stock sustainability (Derrick, Noranarttragoon, Zeller, Teh, & Pauly, 2017). The challenge now is that, in the ecosystems that are already under intense fishing pressure, the fisheries sector needs to be managed in more precautionary manner in order to reduce overfishing (Pauly, et al., 2002) and to preserves the diversity of marine life while providing the people of the 20 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 region with a source of food long into the future (Butcher, 2004). To ensure the sustainability of marine resources, formulation of a management plan of PS is essential. Considering the likeliness of these pelagic stocks shared by countries bordering with the same ecosystem both in the Andaman Sea and the South China Sea, the management measures will be only effective when it covers the whole region area that is beyond the national waters. Due to the lack of regional PS management in SEA regions, the current project was proposed with aims of construction of management strategies for sustainable PS as well as to provide with scientific background for concerted management actions of AMSs for shared stocks of small pelagic species. The PS fisheries data sent by AMSs were compiled and arranged by country in several chapters and sub-chapters in this terminal report. The current overview of PS fisheries, PS common fishing areas, and laws and regulations related to PS fisheries was composed into Chapter 3: Overview of Marine Fisheries in the SEA Region. The biological information like catch composition, growth and mortality parameters, length at first maturity and spawning seasons was summarized into Chapter 4: Population Parameters and Biological Information. Next, Chapter 5: The Status of Small Pelagic Fish Stock, has listed the existing and latest assessment of the biomass and MSY of small pelagics resources in each country. The results from catch and effort data analysis was put into Chapter 6: Synthesis for Catch and Effort Information, in which landing trends, trends by trips, inter-annual variations, as well as results from Production Model and Feedback Control analyses were shown. And lastly, Chapter 7: Management Measures for Purse Seine Fisheries has addressed the constraints and issues faced throughout project period, as well as the recommendations to the AMSs in regards to the PS fisheries management. 21 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center 2. Methodology The findings from preceding JTF II Phase I and Phase II projects revealed that the latest information on status of the small pelagic fishery is insufficient in most AMSs. Recognizing the importance of ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 sustaining the small pelagic stock in the SEA, SEAFDEC was given a mandate to embark on another project as a continuation of the aforementioned projects. For the comparative study, the methodology was mainly involved the compilation and data analysis of historical catch and effort data. With PS fishery as the subject, the questionnaires template was designed during 1st CEM. After that, MFRDMD sent the template to the AMSs via email, mail and fax within the agreed timeframe. Besides feedbacks on the questionnaires, the information on PS fisheries in SEA region was also obtained from the materials provided by AMSs representatives during the core meetings and regional workshops, and were kept updated until end of 2018. The catch and effort data were then used to plot the trend of landing, effort, and CPUE in data analysis chapter, while other information on PS fisheries as well as the biological information on small pelagic fish was reported in other chapters. Initially, TAC (Total Allowable Catch) was considered as a possible management measure for PS fisheries in the SEA region. However, after a few consultations with the RPs, it was found that TAC was not possible due to the compiled data was inadequate with the TAC system’s requirements. Moreover, TAC system is unsuitable in the multispecies situation of PS fisheries in the SEA region. Then, this project adopted other option of managements measures, i.e Production Model and Feedback Control as they were found to be more appropriate and suitable. The scientific advices and recommendations on PS management measures were suggested to the certain AMSs based on the results from those two analyses. 2.1. Historical catch-effort statistics compilation The questionnaires (Appendix I) has a list of questions on essential information related to PS fisheries like catch and effort data, species composition of fish caught using PS, biological information and growth parameters of some small pelagic fish, and the existing pelagic stock assessments information that has been carried out in each AMSs. Initially, the project wished to 22 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 compile and compare annual the historical catch-effort data for the last three (3) decades. However, after getting feedbacks and information from representatives from AMSs, only the 1996-2015 historical catch-effort data was managed to be compiled. 2.1.1. Select the target species of pelagic fish The targeted species of the project is the small pelagic fish. Using database from PS’s catch by species, a total of thirteen (13) species were chosen including eight (8) most common commercially important pelagic species which are Indo-pacific mackerel, Indian mackerel, round scads, bigeye scads, hardtail scads, sardines, anchovies, and neritic tunas. The rest of catch were grouped into five different categories which are other pelagic species, mixed fish, trash fish, squids and crustacean. 2.1.2. Select the fishing vessel The pelagic fish is exploited by few commercial vessels such as purse seine, ring nets, gillnets and others. Purse seines was selected as subject for this project since in general, it is the most efficient gear for catching large and small pelagic species that is shoaling, from small sardines to the large tunas. There are many types of PS vessels in the region, however in this project, the PS is grouped into two general categories only, namely Fish Purse Seine (FPS) and Anchovy Purse Seine (APS). Table 1 listed the availability of FPS and APS data from each AMS. However, when interpreting the resources trends in the region, the FPS and APS data was combined, thus represented the whole PS fisheries data for the respective country. Table 1. Data availability on purse seine type in each AMS. AMSs FPS APS Brunei Darussalam Available Unavailable Cambodia Available Unavailable Indonesia Available Unavailable Malaysia Available Available Myanmar Available Available The Philippines Available Unavailable Thailand Available Available Viet Nam Available Unavailable 23 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center 2.2. Examine the PS fisheries management measures Management measures involves specific controls on the fisheries sector, including the technical measures, input and output controls, as well as on the fishers’ rights. There are few existing fisheries management measures in the world. In order to reduce the total catch to a biologically and ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 economically sustainable level, authorities frequently introduce TACs. Ideally, TACs should be set at a level that allows the maximum economic yield (MEY) to be achieved in the long term. (World Ocean Review, 2010). At the present, only few countries and Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs) have implemented TAC quota i.e. Japan, Norway, Portugal, CCSBT and ICES (Raja Bidin Raja Hassan, 1st CEM). TAC works most efficient and ideal for single species situation, for example, the southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) monitored by Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT). Significant improvements in the biological and economic performance of the southern bluefin tuna fishery has being achieved after implementation of TAC by the members and non-members of CCSBT (Morgan G. R., 1997). Nevertheless, in some cases, TAC is deemed as impractical, especially those associated with difficulty of enforcement and operational difficulties of setting the quotas, and it ignores the reality of harvesting process in multispecies fisheries. The main problem in the case of multispecies fisheries is that the TACs of different species can be exhausted at different rates. Another problem is the different stock conservation needs. For instance, two species that are caught together from the same fishing site can be in different state, one can be in a very low biomass level whereas another can be in the highest level. Figure 11 shows the process of determination of TAC by European Union Commission. The formulation of TAC is based on surveys and monitoring programmes and the amount is fixed annually by the Council of Ministers. Every member state in European Union (EU) is responsible to follow the annual TAC allocation, within their respective annual individual fishing quota. 24 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Figure 11. Determination of TAC in European Union Commission. Source:www.marine.ie/Home/site-area/areas-activity/fisheries-ecosystems/total-allowable-catches-tacs 25 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center As one of the objectives of this project, the TAC system was reviewed to determine the applicability and suitability of the system for PS fisheries in the SEA region. After few discussions and meetings involving all concerned parties and resource persons, TAC was found unsuitable to be implemented in the SEA region mainly due to the multispecies catch composition of the PS fisheries. Then, other management measures were suggested like the Allowable Biological Catch ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 (ABC) and Allowable Biological Effort (ABE) strategies. Finally, Production Model and Feedback Control were well-thought as the more appropriate and applicable method to analyse the pelagic stock status in SEA region, using the scientific data compiled during the project duration. 2.3. Examine the Feedback Control and Production Model analyses 2.3.1. Conduct the workshops Six (6) internal workshops and one (1) regional workshop were successfully organized by MFRDMD throughout the project duration. The workshops usually were done to enhance and enrich knowledge regarding stock assessment, to discuss on data analysis of PS fisheries, and to estimate the pelagic stock status in each AMS and in SCS and ANS ecosystems. 2.3.2. Consult the resource persons (RPs) MFRDMD have regularly consulted two resource persons for this project. The regional resource person is Professor Matsuishi Takashi Fritz from Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan, who has vast knowledge and experiences in research in Fisheries Science, Fisheries Management and Cetology. While, the local resource person, Dr. Rumeaida Mat Piah, from Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Malaysia, has expertise in Fish Population Dynamics and Fisheries Management field. Both resource persons contributed great and supportive assistance throughout project duration. They suggested several types of analyses that are more applicable with the compiled data and the multispecies situation. 26 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 2.3.3. Screen the data Data analysis began by screening all the compiled data to verify their reliability and validity. This is a very important step in data analysis as it determines the accuracy of analysis. Unreliable data cannot be use for subsequent analysis. The screening was done through inter-annual variation for landing (MT), number of vessels (unit) and number of trips (trips) data to find out if there is any outliers or unusual data. Then, the screened data was sent through email and fax to the representatives of respective AMSs for data verification. 2.3.4. Estimate the Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE) In many instances, CPUE is taken as an indirect measure of the abundance of a target species. Theoretically, the smallest unit of effort that best describes the fishery is used as the CPUE index, if it is possible. In this project, number of trips was used as the unit of effort for CPUE due to the data scarce of smaller unit effort like number of hauls and hour per operation. Realistically, it is difficult to track and record number of hauls per operation for each purse seiner as most of the fishers did not record such details. Using the compiled annual catch and effort data, MFRDMD calculated the CPUE (by trip) since many AMSs have sufficient trip data compared to other smaller unit of effort. 2.3.5. Estimate the pelagic stock status Data analysis continued with the estimation of pelagic stock status using two methods; the Production Models and the Feedback Control (Rule 2-2), as per suggested by resource persons. The results and discussions on those two analyses were elaborated in Chapter 6. I) Production Model Production models consider the stock globally; in which they do not take into consideration the structure of the stock by age or size. The production models is aimed to determine the optimum level of effort, that is the effort that produces the maximum yield that can be sustained without affecting the long-term productivity of the stock, the so-called maximum sustainable yield (MSY) 27 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (Sparre & Venema, 1992). According to the Sparre and Venema (1992), the simplest way to deal with the multispecies situation is to apply the production models to the total catch of all species and the total effort by all vessels. The most common production models used in fishery stock assessment are Schaefer model (1954) and the Fox model (1970) (Cadima, 2003). Nevertheless, it cannot be proved that one of those two models is superior to the other. Thus, the most reasonable in each ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 particular case or the one which gives the best fit to the should be chosen (Limburg, 2001). The estimation of the pelagic status was done using Production Model (Schaefer and Fox) based on the following formula. The calculated estimated fMSY becomes one of the Reference Point for this project. Schaefer model, (1954) Fox model, (1970) Regression data Regression data Y: bx+ a Y: bx+ a MSY: -(a2)/4b MSY: (-1/b) exp [a-1] fMSY: -a2/b fMSY: -1/b Opt. CPUE = MSY/fMSY Opt. CPUE = MSY/fMSY II) Feedback Control It was agreed to use Feedback Control method too especially for some AMSs which faced data scarcity situation, as the data was insufficient be analysed by PM analysis. The Feedback Control analysis aims to creates the sustainable fishery, and it gives the ABC value that represents the upper limit of allowed catch by a country. In contrast to the PM analysis, Feedback Control simply maintains the fishery at sustainable level, whereby the stock will not be depleted, regardless whether it will lead to the best fishery management or not. The ABC value becomes the Reference Point too in this project. In fisheries, the feedback control exemplifies the actions taken by managers according to the current state of the fisheries, management objectives, and a decision algorithm in a feedback control loop, typically aiming to stabilize annual catches and population abundances at desired levels (Holt & de la Mare, 2009). Rule 2-1 and Rule 2-2 were constructed based on two assumptions, namely: (1) CPUE is proportional to the population; and (2) catch trend will 28 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 correspond to short term population trend, respectively. These rules are being considered as the most applicable and appropriate for the management of PS fisheries utilizing the available data (Mohammad-Faisal, Wahidah, Raja-Bidin, Noorul-Azliana, & Fatah, 2017; Matsuishi, 2017). The estimation of the pelagic status was done using ABC Rule 2-1 and Rule 2-2 formula as stated below. Eventually, only Feedback Control Rule 2-2 was used since it fit the compiled data. ABC Rule 2-1 ABC Rule 2-2 ABC = δ1 × C × γ1 ABC = δ2 × C × γ2 Whereby; Whereby; δ1 ＝ 1.0 (High) 1.0 (Middle) δ2 ＝ 1.0 (High) 0.8 (Low) 1.0 (Middle) 0.8 (Low) C = current catch C = current catch CPUE = current CPUE γ2＝1+0.5 ( b / I ) γ1＝1+1 ( b / I ) · b: tangent of the CPUE for recent 3 years · b: tangent of the Catch for recent 3 years · I: average of the CPUE for recent 3 years · I: average of the Catch for recent 3 years 2.4. Scientific advises and recommendations on PS fishery management Some scientific advices based on results from two analyses were listed in Chapter 7. Nevertheless, during the 4th CEM, it has been disclosed that the results of the regional analysis can only be assumed as a good scientific trial but not as scientific recommendations due to limitation of data. Many recommendations on PS fisheries management were also listed, including input and output control, technical control and some general management measures. 29 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center 3. Overview of the Marine Fisheries in SEA Region 3.1. Marine capture fisheries production ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 I) Brunei Darussalam Almost four thousand fishers worked in fishing industry in 2016 (SEAFDEC, 2018). The marine capture fisheries in Brunei Darussalam is contributing by small-scale and large-scale commercial fishing fleets, where the former making 75% to 80% of the total production every year. The total production of marine capture fisheries increased from 10,570 MT in 2000 to 16,069 MT in 2005 with an average contribution of 22% from the small pelagic fishes. However, the value has decreased from 14, 966 MT in 2016 to 13, 796 MT in 2017 (Sheikh Al-Idrus & Marzini, 2019).The overall performance (in terms of production and values) of the major commercial fishing vessels like purse seiners, trawlers and longlines in 2016 and 2017 are shown in Figure 12 and Figure 13. Figure 12. The monthly marine capture fisheries production (MT) and value (B$) in 2016. Source: Country Report: Brunei Darussalam: The 4th Expert Meeting on the Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region (Sheikh Al-Idrus & Marzini, 2019). 30 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Figure 13. The monthly marine capture fisheries production (MT) and value (B$) in 2017. Source: Country Report: Brunei Darussalam: The 4th Expert Meeting on the Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region (Sheikh Al-Idrus & Marzini, 2019). II) Cambodia With up to six million people involved in fisheries sector, Cambodia’s fisheries production is estimated to be worth around USD 200 to 300 million per year (Chea, 2018). The marine fisheries are small and slow to develop sub-sector compared to the inland fisheries. The marine capture fisheries cover around 14-16% of total national fish production every year, just over 120,500 MT (Chea, 2018). The trend shows steadily increasing in marine capture production from 1993 to 2015 (Figure 14). In the fact, the actual catch of marine fisheries is higher than the official statistics suggest. This is because far left from being recorded were the catches from subsistence (family- scale fisheries), the illegal fishing activities, Thai vessels fishing in Cambodian waters and some Cambodian fishing boats selling or transferring their catch to Thai mother-vessels at sea or landing in Thai ports (Puthy & Kristofersson, 2007). Besides that, according to DOF internal reports, the catches from licensed Thai vessels in Cambodian water are estimated to be from 26,500 MT to 37,599 MT (Gillet, 2004). 31 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Marine capture production 140,000 120,000 100,000 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 Figure 14. The marine capture production in Cambodia, 1993-2015. Source: Purse Seine Fishery in Cambodia (Chea & Chhuon, 2019). III) Indonesia Throughout 2012-2016, Indonesia contributed the highest production to Southeast Asian’s total marine capture fishery production. With 2.2 million people were recorded working in the marine capture fisheries, the country managed to catch 6.07 million MT of fish in 2016, valued up to USD 8.3 million (SEAFDEC, 2018). Small pelagic species usually dominated the national annual landing, for instance, in 2014, 30% from 6.0 million MT landing came from small pelagic fish in 2014 (Directorate General of Capture Fisheries, 2015). The characteristics of shelves in SCS and ANS have also influence the fishing activities, indicated by different main fishing gears operating in the waters. To ensure effective management of fisheries resources, the whole Indonesia maritime waters have been divided into 11 (eleven) Fisheries Management Area (FMAs) (Figure 15) as stipulated in the Minister Regulation No. PER.01/MEN/2009, in which that each area is characterized by different number based on the FAO numerical approach. The fish stock status in Indonesian waters states that the western part had been highly exploited whilst the eastern part had fairly exploited (Suwarso, Imron, Duto, & Asep, 2018). 32 Production (MT) 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Figure 15. Eleven (11) Fisheries Management Areas (FMA) in Indonesia marine waters. Source: FAO Fisheries and Aqualculture Country Profiles, Indonesia by the Food and Agriculture Organization, 2011b (http://www.fao.org/fishery/facp/IDN/en). IV) Malaysia The marine fishery sector is an important sub-sector in Malaysia and plays a significant role in the national economy, with more than 130,000 fishers in marine fishery in 2016 (SEAFDEC, 2018). Malaysia has contributed 1.46 million MT or 8.8% of the Southeast Asia’s marine capture fisheries production in 2014 (SEAFDEC, 2017). In 2009, pelagic fish contributed the highest landing to the total marine fish landings in Malaysia at 38.1 % or 530,931 MT (Zulkifli, Richard, & Irman, 2013). 33 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Figure 16. Malaysia and her maritime boundaries. Source: Maritime border of Malaysia.jpg by the Wikimedia Commons contributors, 2019. (https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=File%3AMaritime_border_of_Malaysia.jpg&id= 324966067). V) Myanmar Myanmar marine fisheries are classified into onshore, inshore and offshore fisheries. Onshore fisheries operate in the mud flats and swamps caused by the ebb and flow of the tides. While inshore fisheries operate in the shallow waters within 12 nm of the shore or within sight of shore, and fishing trips last less than one day by artisanal and small-scale fishers using simple fishing gears in small, locally-built vessels, powered or unpowered. Furthermore, offshore fisheries are operating out of sight of land or beyond the 12 nm limit, requires large mechanized vessels with advanced fishing gears and the main species caught are pelagic and demersal (Aung, 1995). Figure 17 shows that the trend for marine capture fisheries production has been steadily increasing from 0.95 million MT in 2000 to 2.7 million MT in 2014, with an average rate of 125 thousand MT annually (SEAFDEC, 2017). In term of value, the country started to report the value from 2008 to the present, and the trend showed increasing value by USD 479 million per year (SEAFDEC, 2017). Myanmar was ranked second place, after Indonesia, for both quantity and value of marine capture fisheries production of SEA in 2016 (SEAFDEC, 2018). 34 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Marine capture fisheries in Myanmar, 2000-2014 1,000 MT 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Figure 17. The fishing landing from marine capture fisheries in Myanmar, 2000-2014. Source: The Southeast Asian State of Fisheries and Aquaculture 2017 (SEAFDEC, 2017). VI) The Philippines In 2011, the Philippines was ranked 11th among top fish producing countries in the world with a total fisheries production of 5 million MT comprising fish, crustaceans, molluscs, and aquatic plants. The marine fisheries production in the country is contributed by municipal fisheries and commercial fisheries. In 2015, 1.22 million MT of fish by municipal fishing (Figure 18) and 1.08 million MT of fish by commercial fishing (Figure 19) was landed, sum up to total of 2.3 million MT of fish. The landing increased 43% in the following year 2016 with marine fisheries production of 2.99 million MT (SEAFDEC, 2018). 35 Landing SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Municipal Fisheries Production 2006-2015 1,500,000 1,304,357 1,332,986 1,371,390 1,348,644 1,332,648 1,235,529 1,280,849 1,264,417 1,244,259 1,216,527 1,000,000 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 500,000 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Figure 18. Municipal fisheries production of The Philippines, 2006-2015. Source: Country Report: The Philippines: 4th Core Expert Meeting on Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region (Eleserio & Romero, 2019). Commercial Fisheries Production 2006-2015 1,500,000 1,226,205 1,253,941 1,192,070 1,242,102 1,080,668 1,042,318 1,067,610 1,107,221 1,084,625 1,032,820 1,000,000 500,000 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Figure 19. Commercial fisheries production of The Philippines, 2006-2015. Source: Country Report: The Philippines: 4th Core Expert Meeting on Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian R e gion (Eleserio & Romero, 2019). 36 Landing (MT) Landing (MT) Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 VII) Thailand Thailand has a massive fishing industry. In 2016, the fishery production of Thai flag was approximately 2.4 million MT with value of USD 4.3 million. Marine capture fisheries sector is important for the economy of Thailand that contributed more than 1.5 million MT in 2018 and involved more than 0.68 million people in the fisheries sector and related industries. Trend of marine capture fisheries production of Thai flag shows increasing amount of landing of marine capture fisheries from 1971 to 2005, and then, the rapid reduction of marine capture production after 2005. The decreasing is considered as a result of that the access of Thai flag in foreign waters has been ceased. For fishing grounds of Thai flag, the production from SCS doubled or tripled the production from ANS (Figure 20). During 2014-2016, the quantity of landing was decreasing and the production value was fluctuating compared to previous years (SEAFDEC, 2018). SCS Figure 20. The marine capture fisheries production of Thailand, 1971-2011. Source: Current Status of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region (Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2015a). VIII) Viet Nam The marine water of Viet Nam is divided into four management areas which are Tonkin Gulf, Central, Southeast and Southwest. Marine captured fisheries play an important role in the social and economic development. Since 2015, the production of caught sea fish was reported more than 2 million MT (General Statistic Office, 2017).The total number of fishing vessels have increased rapidly from about 79,996 units in 2007 (Raja Bidin & Abdul Razak, 2016) up to 108,706 units in 2016 (Table 2). 37 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Table 2. The number of fishing boats in Viet Nam, 2008-2016. Number of fishing boats Year Tonkin Gulf Central Southeast Southwest Total 2008 29,582 36,342 23,815 12,492 102,231 2009 34,611 45,186 24,570 15,959 120,326 2010 39,511 47,220 21,490 19,800 128,021 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 2011 42,659 42,580 26,368 16,756 128,363 2012 40,167 40,713 25,163 17,082 123,125 2013 38,836 38,734 24,065 15,381 117,016 2014 30,860 38,144 21,311 14,771 105,086 2015 32,377 38,339 21,771 14,821 107,308 2016 34,490 37,397 22,140 14,679 108,706 Source: Country Presentation: The Purse Seine Fisheries in Viet Nam (Tuyen, 2018) 3.2. Purse seine as the common fishing gear exploiting small pelagic fishes Small pelagic fish are caught by various type of fishing gears and vessels. The top three main gears in SEA are trawls (44.5%), purse seine (30.5%) and drill/gill net (13.5%) as shown in Figure 21 (SEAFDEC, 2018). Purse seiners have contributed second largest to the marine capture fishery, reflecting the importance of PS fisheries in the SEA region. Figure 21. SEA marine capture fishery production by type of fishing gear used in 2016. Source: Fishery Statistical Bulletin of Southeast Asia 2016 (SEAFDEC, 2018, p. 16). 38 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 In SEA region, purse seines had been used since the nineteenth century, to catch pelagic fishes as alternative to trawl. Earlier, the fisheries make use of various surrounding nets that had been modified into simple purse seines, and later, the use of commercial purse seines had been picked up by many countries in the region (Bidin & Razak, 2016). Each country uses different category of PS, either based on length or tonnage of the vessels or type of Fishing Aggregating Devices (FADs). Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar and Thailand categorized their purse seiners according to the vessel’s Gross Registered Tonnage (GRT). I) Brunei Darussalam Purse seine technology was first introduced in Brunei Darussalam in 1985 with seven (7) licenses being issued to the locals. Out of 30 unit registered marine fishing vessels in 2013, twelve (12) was purse seiners (Noorizan & Nur-Aqilah, n.d.). There are two types of PS in Brunei Darussalam which are fish purse seine (FPS) and tuna purse seine (TPS). The FPS use FADs and luring lights as fishing aids to herd the small pelagic. The purse seiners are propelled by a single inboard marine diesel engine with power ranging from 190 to 320 horsepower (HP), and mostly run at a cruising speed of about 10 knots in going to the fishing ground. The commercial purse seiners in Brunei Darussalam operate on a one-day (1) trip basis for some reasons like the limitation on the size of fish storage onboard and the quality of fish landed. Initially no proper data recording of PS catch was recorded, but starting from 2001, DOF of Brunei Darussalam began providing incentives to the fishers as encouragement for them to record the necessary information, hence as the result, the relevant PS fisheries data has been compiled. Figure 22 shows the fluctuated landings by PS from 2001 to 2017. Table 3 gives the details of PS vessels used in the study of pelagic fisheries in 2003-2005 conducted by SEAFDEC. 39 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Figure 22. Landing trend of commercial purse seine fisheries in Brunei Darussalam, 2001-2017. Source: Country Report: Brunei Darussalam: The 4th Core Expert Meeting on the Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region. (Sheikh Al-Idrus & Marzini, 2019). Table 3. Technical details of the purse seine vessels used in the study ‘Sustainable Pelagic Fisheries in the SCS, 2003-2005’. Vessels name Zone Engine Engine Vessel Length Mesh Net Type Power size size Length (HP) (GRT) (m) (cm) (m) Azam 3 Inboard 320 70.0 21.43 2.5 600 Radims 2 2 Inboard 190 59.3 21.00 2.5 400 Radims 3 2 Inboard 190 60.0 21.30 2.5 400 Sri Jaya Gadong 3 2 Inboard 250 55.0 18.78 2.5 400 Source: National Country Report for Brunei Darussalam (Matzaini H. Juna, Ranimah H A Wahab, & Cinco, 2007). II) Cambodia The modern technologies like bottom trawl and PS was introduced in 1950s in Cambodia. Purse seiners are allowed to operate in shallow or deep water to exploit the small pelagic fishes. However, the number of PS vessels was declining from thirteen (13) unit in 1992 to only one (1) unit in 2012 (Table 59 in chapter 6) due to increasing use of pair trawls and gill nets. Figure 23 and Figure 24 shows the examples of PS boats in Sihanoukville province. The PS vessel in Tomnop Rolok is lengthier than PS vessel in Sihanoukville although being in the same province (Table 4). The industrial mackerel fishery operates at offshore using PS or driftnets with boat engines up to 50 HP. The PS operates only during the dry season period of 5 months (20 days per month). The PS boats 40 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 have crews of about 15 to 30 people (Puthy & Kristofersson, 2007). Table 4. Type of purse seine vessels in Cambodia waters. Type of purse seine Boat Location Scad, Sardine, Rastrelliger spp., Anchovy LOA: 20 m Tomnop Rolok Anchovy purse seine HP: 350 Sihanoukville LOA: 18 m HP: 190 Scad, Sardine purse seine LOA: 17 m HP: 300 Source: Country Presentation: Purse Seine Fishery in Cambodia (Chea, 2018). Figure 23. Purse seine long-tailed boats in Sihanoukville, Cambodia. Source: Country Presentation: Purse Seine Fishery in Cambodia (Chea, 2018). 41 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Figure 24. Purse seine fishing vessel in Sihanoukville, Cambodia. Source: Country Presentation: Purse Seine Fishery in Cambodia (Chea, 2018). III) Indonesia As a country that has very high landings of marine capture for many decades, Indonesian fishers keenly use PS to catch the small pelagic fish. Currently, there are three (3) kinds of PS; small, medium and large as state by Imron and Suwarso (2018), in which medium and large PS fisheries began from Central Java in 1973, and since then expanded to the eastern water. The current number of PS vessels is about 28,000 units, which is 16% of total fishing gears from the Java Sea (Suwarso & Duto, n.d.). The PS vessel is made of wood and wood fibre-plated, GRT between 28 -117 tonnes (average 64 tonnes). The PS net length vary from 450 m to 570 m, net width of about 42 m; one- inch (1) mesh size. The main engine (Nisan) has a horsepower of 180 – 380 HP, equipped with a genset of Mitsubishi type. The number of crews are about 20-25 people, with days at sea range from 11 to 20 days (Suwarso, Imron, Duto, & Asep, 2018). The purse seiners that operate in SCS are from Palembang, Pemangkat and Pekalongan. The difference between them is the purse seiners from Pekalongan and Palembang usually use combined light and FAD while purse seiners from Pemangkat utilize light without FAD to attract the school of fish prior to fishing. Figure 25 shows the example of design and size of one boat-PS and its nets size at Pekalongan, Central of Java that are used to catch short bodied mackerel and scad. 42 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Meanwhile Figure 27 and Figure 26 show the example of PS boat and design of the PS net in Pemangkat, West Kalimantan. The design of PS fishing gear was emanated from local fishers with the approval of the central government (Suwarso, Imron, Duto, & Asep, 2018). Figure 25. Design of surrounding net and purse seine boat at Pekalongan, Central of Java. Source: Small Pelagic Purse Seine Fisheries Status in Natuna Sea and Adjacent Waters (Suwarso, Imron, Duto, & Asep, 2018). Figure 26. Design of purse seine net in Pemangkat, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Source: Small Pelagic Purse Seine Fisheries Status in Natuna Sea and Adjacent Waters (Suwarso, Imron, Duto, & Asep, 2018). 43 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Figure 27. Example of purse seine boat in Pemangkat, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Source: Small Pelagic Purse Seine Fisheries Status in Natuna Sea and Adjacent Waters (Suwarso, Imron, Duto, & Asep, 2018). IV) Malaysia The two types of PS employed in Malaysian waters are anchovy purse seine (APS) and fish purse seine (FPS). The PS vessel is categorized based on gross tonnages GRT (Sallehudin & Abdul- Wahab, n.d.). Most of PS vessels in Sabah water is in category of 40 to 70 GRT and equipped with fine mesh and coarser mesh (Mohd Zamani, 2018). Although anchovies usually contribute only small percentage to the total marine landings, the APS fishery is very important in WCPM, especially in northern part of Straits of Malacca (Pangkor Island, Perak; Tanjung Dawai, Kedah; Langkawi Island, Kedah). The APS is allowed to operate in area within 1-8 nm, has boiling facilities onboard, and operates with or without spotlight. In WCPM, all APS operates during daytime only. Table 5 shows the differences between APS without spotlight and APS with spotlight in the Malaysian waters. Table 5. The differences between anchovy purse seine without spotlight and anchovy purse seine with spotlight. Anchovy PS Anchovy PS-Light Day operation (0800 – 1700) Night Operation (1700 – 0800) Searched for the school of fish Fishes are attracted by the light Length net: 915 m Length net :73 m Width net: 146 m Width net: 31 - 36 m No of crew: 25 No of crew: 7-15 Source: Country Presentation on Purse Seine Fisheries in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (Sallehudin, 2018). 44 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 The FPS vessel becomes more efficient in catching small pelagic fish with the support of high technology equipments like radar, GPS, sonar, echo-sounder, deck machinery, and can operates with or without FADs. The traditional luring materials are made of coconut leaves and anchored by several concrete sacks, while the FADs like light raft, fish shelter or ‘unjam’ are normally set in the areas with a depth exceeding 40 m (DOF, 2015a). The FPS using spotlights as FADs manages to catch more fish per haul and more species of fish, although the small mackerels, Rastrelliger spp. is still dominating the catch. Figure 28 shows the design of PS nets that are made of nylon while Figure 29 shows the example of PS vessels in Malaysian waters. Figure 28. Design of purse seine net in Sarawak, Malaysia. Source: Country Report on Purse Seine Fishery in Sarawak (Jamil, Country Report on Purse Seine Fishery in Sarawak, 2019). Figure 29. The example of purse seine vessel in Malaysia. 45 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center The fishing areas in Malaysia can be divided into four (4) sub-regions, namely the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (WCPM), East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (WCPM), Sarawak and Sabah. Figure 30 summarizes the PS landings in all fishing areas in Malaysia from 2008 to 2013. In ECPM, the trend for FPS, APS and overall PS landings over twenty-year period 1993-2017 were fluctuated, where it reached peak in 2016, then drop drastically in 2017 (Figure 31). Meanwhile, in ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 WCPM, the landing by PS from 1984 to 2015 was recorded according to PS vessel GRT (Figure 32), in which since 2003, PS with GRT more than 40 tonnes landed very high catch of pelagic fish. For 2017, PS had landed 128,544 MT of small pelagic fish, more than 20% from the total marine capture landings in WCPM in that year (Abdul Wahab Abdullah & Sallehudin Jamon, 2018). Sarawak’s purse seiners had landed 7,391 MT of fish in 2017, which has been declining since 2014 (Figure 33) (Mr. Jamil Musel, 2018). Figure 30. The purse seine landings in different areas in Malaysia, 2008-2013. Source: Current Status of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region (Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2015a). 46 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Figure 31. The total catch by purse seine, fish purse seine and anchovy purse seine in ECPM, 1993 -2017. Source: Country Report: Malaysia - East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (Sallehudin, 2019). Figure 32. The landing by FPS according to boat GRT group in WCPM, 1984-2015. Source: Country Report: Malaysia - West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (WCPM) (Abdul-Wahab, Country Report: Malaysia - West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (WCPM), 2019). 47 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Total Landings by Purse Seine in Sarawak MT (2009-2017) 12,000 11,086 10,160 10,454 9,629 10,000 8,688 8,201 8,589 8,000 7,391 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 6,548 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Figure 33. The total landing of fish by purse seiners in Sarawak, 2009 - 2017. Source: Country Report on Purse Seine Fishery in Sarawak (Jamil, Country Report on Purse Seine Fishery in Sarawak, 2019). V) Myanmar In southern Rakhine and Tanintharyi regions, PS is the main fishing gear used to exploit the pelagic fishes. There are two main types of PS vessels in Myanmar waters, namely the fish purse seine (FPS) that used to catch pelagic species like hilsa, mackerel and sardines, and the two boats seine (APS) used to catch anchovies in the coastal waters. The number of FPS and APS in Myanmar is summarized in Table 6. The FPS vessel is 50 – 100 GRT, operates in traditional way without the FADs, but uses sonar with help of expertise to search for the school of fish (Figure 34). Hilsa fish is the main harvest of FPS from October to May. Meanwhile, the APS vessels use engine less than 2.5 HP and the length of a boat is less than 30 feet (Figure 35). The APS boat is used to catch the anchovies especially genus Stolephorus, however it also harvests small mackerels Rastrelliger spp. and sardines Sardinella spp. species (Table 7). Table 6. The number of purse seine fishing vessels in Myanmar. Type of Year Gear 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015- 2016- 2017- 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 FPS 152 158 161 168 273 278 287 283 284 310 329 APS 375 374 375 377 366 362 360 297 217 350 350 Source: Country Report: Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in Myanmar (Shwe & Kyaw, 2019). 48 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Figure 34. Example of fish purse seine vessel in Rakhine, Myanmar. Source: Country Report: Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in Myanmar (Shwe & Kyaw, 2019). Figure 35. Example of the two boats seine or anchovy purse seine in Rakhine, Myanmar. Source: Country Report: Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in Myanmar (Shwe & Kyaw, 2019). 49 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Table 7. The landings by anchovy purse seine in Myanmar, 2005-2014. Year No. of Catch (MT) Total boats Anchovy Sardine Rastrelliger (MT) spp. Others 2005–2006 368 4,505 1,457 100 1,030 7,092 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 2006–2007 377 1,978 1,842 30 3,857 7,707 2007–2008 375 5,024 1,028 58 3,022 9,132 2008–2009 374 6,188 2,215 44 2,170 10,617 2009–2010 375 6,973 3,216 20 3,998 14,215 2010–2011 377 7,873 3,926 32 4,301 16,132 2011–2012 366 5,031 1,816 53 5,812 12,712 2012–2013 362 4,205 2,510 79 4,098 10,892 2013–2014 360 2,156 4,773 124 6,899 13,952 Source: Country Report: Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in Myanmar (Shwe & Kyaw, 2019). VI) The Philippines Ring net is the most used fishing gear in the country, nonetheless majority of commercial fisheries are purse seiners which target the small pelagic fish, particularly round scads, sardines and Indian mackerel. Out of 1.3 million MT of landed marine fish, 60% were caught by PS (Belga, n.d.). There are two types of PS used in country which are the sardine/scads/mackerel purse seine (SPS) and Tuna purse seine (TPS). The minimum mesh size requirement for SPS is 19 mm and tuna purse seine is 3.5 inches (Figure 36). The PS vessels in Philippines are bunt on one side and mechanically hauled by power block or improvised hauling device. The PS highest catch was in 2008, and then the value declined until 2016, and increased again in 2017. Meanwhile, the number of PS boat increased drastically in 2012 and dropped 2015 afterwards (Figure 37). Figure 36. The design of purse seine net in the Philippines. Source: Purse Seine Fisheries in the Philippines (Lamarca, 2016). 50 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 4,500 7,000 4,000 6,000 3,500 5,000 3,000 2,500 4,000 2,000 3,000 1,500 2,000 1,000 500 1,000 0 0 Catch No. of Boats Figure 37. The landings and number of purse seine boats in The Philippines, 1997-2017. Source: Country Report: The Philippines: 4th Core Expert Meeting on Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region (Eleserio & Romero, 2019). VII) Thailand In general, the PS fisheries contribute about 33% of national catch (Panjarat & Saikliang, Purse Seine Fishery in Thailand, n.d.). In the past, there were five (5) main types of purse seine, namely Chinese purse seine, Thai purse seine (black seine or locally known as Uan dum), mackerel purse seine (green seine), bonito purse seine, and anchovy purse seine. Presently, the PS vessels can be categorised into two main types according to the fishing licenses of Thailand, which are Thai purse seine (TPS) and anchovy purse seine (APS). Both TPS and APS are commonly found in the Gulf of Thailand (SCS) and ANS, and Table 8 gives the general details of TPS and APS vessels. The TPS fishing operation techniques can be further divided into three types: free school (FS) operation; light luring (LL) operation; and fish aggregating device (FAD) operation. The APS fishing operation techniques used to be two types: FS and LL operations, where the latter is now prohibited. Nowadays, APS operates only during daytime, using FS operation. TPS usually operates using 25 mm mesh size of the net and sometime can switch to 50 – 100 mm mesh size of the net to target neritic tunas; however, switching between TPS and APS is not allowed. 51 Landed Catch (MT) 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Boats Landed SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Table 8. Details of net and vessel of Thai Purse Seine and Anchovy Purse Seine. Thai Purse Seine Anchovy Purse Seine Net Polyamide Polyamide (knotless) Net colour Black Green or brown Length of net 400 – 1,800 m 250 – 1,100 m Depth of net 60 – 110 m 15 – 80 m ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Mesh size ≥ 25 mm ≥ 6 mm Vessel size 5 – 200 GT 5- 200 GT Operation Free school (FS), Light luring (LL) operation, FS during daytime only technique Fish aggregating device (FAD) operation. Source: Country report on purse seine fisheries in Thailand (Chumchuen & Noranarttragoon, Country report on purse seine fisheries in Thailand, 2019). The catch production by TPS was progressive over 40 years. Since 1974, the total catch was steadily over 100,000 MT and continuously increased to reach a peak during 1986–1990 between 524,000 and 568,000 MT. Then, the catch was declined to the range of 342,000 – 450,000 MT. The catch from SCS dominated the landing. The catch from ANS only started to increase from 1982 and had significantly contributed to the national catch of purse seiners for around 30% ( Figure 38). Figure 38. The catch from Thai fish purse seiners in Thailand. Source: Current Status of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region (Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2015a). On the other hand, the catch of anchovies from APS only started to increase in 1982. After reaching the peak of more than 150,000 MT in 1993, it fluctuated from 120,000 MT to 150,000 MT in 1994 to 2011. The catch of anchovy from SCS dominated throughout 40-years landings, while the catch from ANS only began to increase in 1991 onwards with the range around 30,000 MT to 60,000 MT (Figure 39). More updated data was shown in Figure 40 that presents the landings from all PS vessels 1996 to 2016. In 2016, it was reported that 35% of national marine capture production was landed by purse seiners. 52 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Figure 39. The anchovies catch from anchovy purse seine in Thailand, 1972-2011. Source: Current Status of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region (Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2015a). Figure 40. The landings by all types of purse seine in Thai waters, 1996-2016. Source: Country report on purse seine fisheries in Thailand (Chumchuen & Noranarttragoon, Country report on purse seine fisheries in Thailand, 2019). VIII) Viet Nam In Viet Nam, two main PS fishing methods are Luring Purse Seine (LPS) and Searching Purse Seine (SPS). The LPS uses light and FAD, and is very popular in many fishery provinces. For this method, the average size of the net is about 250 - 500 m in length and 45 -70 m in depth. Meanwhile, the SPS specializes in catching pelagic fishes which have high movement speed, thus the fleets has modern fishing equipments, mechanical implements and fish finders (Luong, 2009). The SPS net has bigger size; the average size of net is from 500-1200 m in length and 70-120 m in depth. Table 9 shows the different length, depth and mesh size of PS net according to fishing areas in Viet Nam 53 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center water. LPS is the most popular type of surrounding net, with length of net of 500-900 m, depth of net of 60-140 m and mesh size of 18.0-25.0 mm. Meanwhile, APS has net with length 200-450 m, depth 40-60 m and mesh sizes 6.0-10.0 mm. Figure 41 shows the annual PS landings according to fishing areas from 2007 to 2014, in ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 which trends show increasing patterns. The PS fisheries are well developed in Central, Southeast and Southeast waters. Figure 42 reveals the increasing number of PS units from 2000 to 2008, and then the numbers were reduced and fluctuated to 2017. Table 9. Details on net of luring purse seine in different fishing areas in Viet Nam. Area Length (m) Depth (m) Mesh size (mm) Wing Body of net Bunt Gulf Tonkin 600 - 800 80 – 125 24 – 25 24 – 25 20 – 22 Central waters 650 - 900 80 – 130 20 – 25 20 – 25 20 – 24 Southeast 500 - 800 100 – 140 24 – 25 20 – 25 20 – 24 Southwest 500 - 650 60 – 80 20 – 25 20 – 22 18 – 20 Source: The Report for the Purse Seine Fishery in the Viet Nam (Phan, 2016). PURSE SEINE LANDINGS 600 500 Gulf of Tonkin 400 Central Waters 300 Southeast 200 Southwest 100 TOTAL 0 2 0 0 7 2 0 0 8 2 0 0 9 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 2 0 1 2 2 0 1 3 2 0 1 4 Figure 41. The landings by purse seine according to fishing areas in Viet Nam, 2007-2014. Source: The Report for the Purse Seine Fishery in the Viet Nam (Phan, 2016). 54 LANDINGS (1,000 MT) Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 No. of purse seiner versus all fishing vessels in Viet 8,000 Nam 150,000 6,000 100,000 4,000 50,000 2,000 0 0 Purse seine All fishing vessels Figure 42. The total number of fishing boats and purse seine in Viet Nam, 2000-2017. Source: Country Presentation: The Purse Seine Fisheries in Viet Nam (Tuyen & Tam, 2019). 3.3. Common fishing areas of purse seine fishing I) Brunei Darussalam Brunei Darussalam marine territorial area is around 38,600 km2 extending to EEZ. The fishing ground are split into four zones defined by distance from the coast as shown in Figure 43 while Figure 44 shows the fishing ground where FADs are deployed by small scale fishermen and commercial PS. Usually zone 2, 3 and 4 are common fishing areas for PS fisheries. Figure 43. Fishing zonation in Brunei Darussalam. Source: Country Report: Brunei Darussalam: The 4th Expert Meeting on the Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region (Sheikh Al-Idrus & Marzini, 2019). 55 Purse seiner (units) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 All fishing vessels (units) SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Figure 44. The fishing area of commercial purse seiners according respective companies registered in Brunei Darussalam where their FADs are being deployed. Source: The Purse Seine Fisheries in Brunei Darussalam (Noorizan & Nur-Aqilah, n.d.). II) Cambodia Cambodia has a marine coastline of 435 km and there are four coastal provinces which are Sihanoukville, Kampot, Koh Kang and Kep (Figure 45). The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) covers approximately 55,600 km2 (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2011a) and is relatively shallow with an average depth of about 50 m, not higher than 80 m (Puthy & Kristofersson, 2007). The official records reveal no disaggregation for PS fisheries from provincial fishing grounds in Cambodia marine water (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2011a). 56 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Figure 45. The map of coastal areas of Cambodia. Source: Marine fisheries resource management potential for mackerel fisheries of Cambodia (Puthy & Kristofersson, 2007). III) Indonesia As the world’s largest archipelago, Indonesia has a vast fishing area, including the coastal areas to EEZ of FMA 711 which facing SCS and FMA 571 for ANS (Directorate General of Capture Fisheries, 2015). Most of PS vessels operates in deep waters, includes Batam/Tanjung Pinang (Riau Island), Pemangkat (West Kalimantan), Natuna Besar Island, Selor Island, Panjang Island, Subi Island and Sugi Island. At present, Natuna Sea and its adjacent waters is one of the most important fishing grounds for PS fisheries (Figure 46). According to a preliminary study on the dynamic of PS fleets (> 60 GRT), the fishing grounds for PS is located around Jemaja Island, western and southern part of Natuna Island in the SCS. In addition, the mini PS fisheries in the shallow waters at south of West Kalimantan is mainly to catch the mackerels (Suwarso, Imron, Duto, & Asep, 2018). Meanwhile, the islands near Tanjung Balai Asahan in North Sumatera are fishing grounds for Indonesian PS vessels operating in Malacca Straits, ANS (Figure 47). 57 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Figure 46. Natuna Sea and its adjacent waters (VII) in SCS, Indonesia. Source: Indonesia Country Report (Suwarso & Duto, n.d.). Figure 47. The purse seine fishing areas in Malacca Strait, ANS, Indonesia. Source: Indonesia Country Report (Suwarso & Duto, n.d.). 58 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 IV) Malaysia Malaysia has 4,675 km of total coastline. Figure 48 presents the Malaysian EEZ boundaries. In ECPM, the EEZ areas is about 115,217 km2 (Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2015a; Samsudin, 2007). The fishing area in WCPM is limited compared to ECPM. The main fishing sites for FPS in WCPM are shown in Figure 49. In particular, the FADs for PS vessels above 70 GRT to catch small tuna is commonly found at west area of Langkawi Island (Abdul Wahab, 2018). In Sawarak, PS vessels operate in offshore of southern bays and in the north of the state (Jamil, 2018), while in Sabah, PS vessels operate in all fishing zones (Figure 50). Figure 48. The EEZ water boundaries in Malaysia. Source: Current Status of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region (Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2015a). Figure 49. The main Fish Purse Seine fishing ground in WCPM, Malaysia. Source: Country Report: Malaysia - West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (WCPM) (Abdul-Wahab, Country Report: Malaysia - West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (WCPM), 2019). 59 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Figure 50. The purse seine vessels in all fishing zones in Sabah, Malaysia. Source: Country Presentation on Purse Seine Fisheries in Sabah (Mohd Zamani, 2018). Fishing zonation is applied in all Malaysian marine areas. In ECPM, the APS boat operates in Zone A that is reserved solely for the small-scale fishers using traditional fishing gear and owner- operated vessels (Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2015a). Meanwhile, the FPS operates in zone B, C, C2 and C3 according to vessel GRT specification in respective zone (Figure 51) (Sallehudin, 2019). On the other hand, the continuous heavy fishing pressure over the years in Malacca Straits has led to the revision of the fishing zonation system in WCPM in 2014 (Figure 52) which stated that, from the shore up to 1 nm is the Marine Protected Area (MPA) where any fishing activity is prohibited in this No Take zone. Furthermore, fishing operation in zone C and C2 has been combined due to limited fishing areas in the Malacca Straits, WCPM. 60 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Revised Fishing Zone for WCPM (Perlis, Kedah, Figure 51. The fishing zonation in the ECPM, Malaysia. Source: CPoun.tPry iRnepaornt: Mga,la yPsiae -r Easkt C o&ast Sof ePelnainsnulagr oMarla)y,si a2 (S0al1le4hudin, 2019). 0 – 1 nm 1 – 8 nm 8 – 15 nm 15 nm & Indian above Ocean MPA ZONE A ZONE B ZONE C ZONE C3 No Take Zone < 40 GRT < 40 GRT > 40 GRT > 70 GRT Aquaculture & Traditional Pukat TRAWL/PS/ cockle, vessels / A PS/ Anchovy Purse TuSn TdRaA/PWukLa/Ptair TRAWL/ PS Jerut/Kenka 2 bot Seine TRAWL (US) PS/ Tuna Vessel 4,993 vesel (BUS) (BUS) 19,760 nelayan Figure 52. The revised fishing zonation in the WCPM, Malaysia. Source: Country Presentation on Purse Seine Fisheries in the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (Abdul Wahab, 2018). V) Myanmar Myanmar’s marine water cover areas of approximately 230,000 km2, and is relatively wider in the central and southern parts. The territorial sea of Myanmar comprises of four areas which are Rakhine, Ayeyawady, Mon and Tanintharyi (Figure 53)Figure 53. Four fishing grounds in Myanmar. (Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2015a; Shwe & Kyaw, 2019). Rakhine area is 61 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center abundant for anchovies, Ayeyarwady for Hilsa and Tanintharyi for sardinella and mackerels (Kyaw, 2018). The PS vessels are commonly seen in the southern areas of Rakhine and Tanintharyi (Shwe & Kyaw, 2019). ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Figure 53. Four fishing grounds in Myanmar. Source: Country Report: Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in Myanmar (Shwe & Kyaw, 2019). VI) The Philippines The PS fleets usually operate in commercial waters that is more than 15 km offshore, in FAO area 57 and 71 (respective Indian Ocean and Western Central Pacific Ocean) and in Papua New Guinea water, and then lands their tuna catch in Mindanoa and Navotas (Figure 54). In 2003, the Philippines established four (4) sampling sites for PS and ring nets as the target fishery in the SCS. These sites 62 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 were Rosario (Cavite), Navotas (NCR), Masinloc (Zambales), and Salomague (Ilocos Sur). Sampling in Masinloc and Salomague was however discontinued as the PS landings since August 2003, indicated the deficiency of the targeted species. Subsequently, Dagupan fish landing was added to cover the major landings of round scads and mackerels using Danish seine in the Lingayen Gulf (Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2015a). Figure 54. Major purse seine fishing grounds in The Philippines. Source: Country Report: The Philippines: 4th Core Expert Meeting on Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region (Eleserio & Romero, 2019). VII) Thailand The main fishing areas for PS fisheries in Thai waters are located in GOT and ANS, with the depth less than 100 m (Tes-a-sen, Kongprom, Boonsuk, & Nooklum, 2012; Chuapun & Ratanaprom, 2005). There are 17 coastal provinces in the GOT with a coastline of approximately 2,700 km and six (6) coastal provinces in the ANS covering 865 km of coastline. The fishing grounds in Thai water are divided into seven (7) zones, in which Zone 1 to Zone 5 are in the GOT, and Zone 6 to Zone 7 are in the ANS (Figure 55) (Panjarat & Boonjohn, 2016). 63 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Figure 55. Fishing zones in the Gulf of Thailand (SCS) and Andaman Sea, Thailand. Source: Purse Seine Fisheries in Thailand (Panjarat & Boonjohn, 2016). VIII) Viet Nam Viet Nam has a coastline of 3, 260 km that crosses 13 latitudes, from 8°23' N to 21°39' N. There are four (4) main fishing areas: Gulf of Tonkin, shared with China; Central Viet Nam; South-eastern Viet Nam; and South-western Viet Nam (part of Gulf of Thailand). The Mekong river delta provides over 75% of the total marine landings and therefore most of the fishing industry is concentrated in the southern provinces, from Khanh Hoa to Ca Mau. Figure 56 shows that PS fisheries are well developed in the Central and the Southeast while Gulf of Tonkin and the Southwest waters are considered as minor fishing areas for purse seiners. 64 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Figure 56. Fishing ground of purse seine fisheries in Viet Nam (Blue: NE; Red: SW). Source: The Report for the Purse Seine Fishery in the Viet Nam (Phan, 2016). 3.4. Existing management measures on purse seine fisheries 3.4.1. Licensing and regulations I) Brunei Darussalam Under the Fisheries Order 2009, all fishing gear should be licensed. Department of Fisheries is responsible for issuing the fishing gear license. Fishing effort is controlled by limiting the number of licenses of purse seine, trawl and long line fishing vessels, and the catches are monitored through monthly catch logbooks that required to be complete by the master of the vessel (Cinco, Teh, Zylich, & Pauly, 2015). 65 The country has implements zonation with the specification on vessel and horse power (HP). PS fleets are allow to operate within Zone 2, 3 and 4 that has different length of nets requirement, but same minimum seine mesh size of 30 mm (Figure 57) (Noorizan & Nur-Aqilah, n.d.). Figure 57. Fishing gears specification by zone in Brunei Darussalam. Source: The Purse Seine Fisheries in Brunei Darussalam (Noorizan & Nur-Aqilah, n.d.). II) Cambodia The fishery management shall be under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF). Under Article 45, all types of fisheries exploitations in the marine fishery domain, except subsistence fishing, shall be allowed only in the possession of a license and these exploitations shall follow the conditions and obligation in the fishing logbook. The fishers who fail to do so, or use fishing boat without registration from the Fisheries Administration, shall be subjected to a transactional fine in cash proportionately to fishing fees, as stated by Article 95 (Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries, 2007). There are two systems exist of issuing the motorised fishing vessels licenses: (i) the license for all motorised vessels equipped with engine power under 33 HP was issued by the provincial fisheries office; (ii) license for all motorised vessels equipped SEAFDEC/MFRDMD with an engine power above 33 HP was issued by the Fisheries Administration (Table 10). Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center The country has implements zonation with the specification on vessel and horse power (HP). PS fleets are allow to operate within Zone 2, 3 and 4 that has different length of nets requirement, but same minimum seine mesh size of 30 mm (Figure 57) (Noorizan & Nur-Aqilah, n.d.). 66 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Figure 57. Fishing gears specification by zone in Brunei Darussalam. Source: The Purse Seine Fisheries in Brunei Darussalam (Noorizan & Nur-Aqilah, n.d.). II) Cambodia The fishery management shall be under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF). Under Article 45, all types of fisheries exploitations in the marine fishery domain, except subsistence fishing, shall be allowed only in the possession of a license and these exploitations shall follow the conditions and obligation in the fishing logbook. The fishers who fail to do so, or use fishing boat without registration from the Fisheries Administration, shall be subjected to a transactional fine in cash proportionately to fishing fees, as stated by Article 95 (Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries, 2007). There are two systems exist of issuing the motorised fishing vessels licenses: (i) the license for all motorised vessels equipped with engine power under 33 HP was issued by the provincial fisheries office; (ii) license for all motorised vessels equipped with an engine power above 33 HP was issued by the Fisheries Administration (Table 10). 66 The country has implements zonation with the specification on vessel and horse power (HP). PS fleets are allow to operate within Zone 2, 3 and 4 that has different length of nets requirement, but same minimum seine mesh size of 30 mm (Figure 57) (Noorizan & Nur-Aqilah, n.d.). Figure 57. Fishing gears specification by zone in Brunei Darussalam. Source: The Purse Seine Fisheries in Brunei Darussalam (Noorizan & Nur-Aqilah, n.d.). II) Cambodia The fishery management shall be under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF). Under Article 45, all types of fisheries exploitations in the marine fishery domain, except subsistence fishing, shall be allowed only in the possession of a license and these exploitations shall follow the conditions and obligation in the fishing logbook. The fishers who fail to do so, or use fishing boat without registration from the Fisheries Administration, shall be subjected to a transactional fine in cash proportionately to fishing fees, as stated by Article 95 (Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries, 2007). There are two systems exist of issuing the motorised fishing vessels licenses: (i) the license for all motorised vessels equipped with engine power under 33 HP was issued by the provincial fisheries office; (ii) license for all motorised vessels equipped Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 with an engine power above 33 HP was issued by the Fisheries Administration (Table 10). Table 10. The issuer for fishing vessel license. Horsepower (HP) Issuer < 33 Provincial Fisheries Office Motorised vessels 66 > 33 Fisheries Administration Source: Law on Fisheries (Unofficial Translation) (Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries, 2007). III) Indonesia The main government ministry responsible for administration and management of capture fisheries in Indonesia is the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF), along with fisheries authorities at provincial and district levels. The country has implemented many regulations and made amendments few times to ensure National Fishery Policy is followed. The enforcement of Fishery Management Plan (FMP) was done through several Ministerial Regulations (MR) to oversee the conservation and management of fish stocks in the archipelagic and FMAs (Figure 58) (Suwarso, Imron, Duto, & Asep, 2018). Indonesia also applies the zoning system for allocation of management responsibility to administrative levels (Law 32/2004 and Government Regulation 38/2007). There are three (3) fishing zones based on fishing areas, size of vessels and management authorities (Table 11) (Suwarso & Duto, n.d.). Figure 58. Some of Fisheries Act and regulations for marine capture fisheries in Indonesia. Source: Small Pelagic Purse Seine Fisheries Status in Natuna Sea and Adjacent Waters (Suwarso, Imron, Duto & Asep, 2018). 67 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Table 11. Zoning system and issuance level for licensing fishing vessels in Indonesia water. Administrative Fishing Fishing Vessel Level Zone Area (nm) Specification (GRT) District Zone I 0 - 4 5-10 Provincial Zone II 4 - 12 10-30 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 National Zone III ≥ 12 ˃ 30 Source: Indonesia Country Report (Suwarso & Duto, n.d.). Since 2010, a temporary halt in issuing new fishing licenses (moratorium) was excuted, which including the license for PS vessel ˃ 200 GRT and the FAD (rumpon) (OECD, 2013). Management measures for PS fisheries in Indonesia are stated in the MMAF Regulation no.30/2012, in which the technical measures are as follows: the mesh size should be larger or equal to one (1) inch, the float line must be less than 300 m, and the maximum light density should be less than 4,000 W. There is a clear definition between small pelagic and large pelagic PS based on different mesh sizes. Any large pelagic PS vessel should apply a minimum mesh size of three (3) inches, whereas small pelagic PS vessel uses a one (1) inch mesh size. Table 12 shows the vessel specification for single-boat PS and two-boat PS that is currently being enforced in Indonesia (Suwarso, Imron, Duto, & Asep, 2018). Table 12. Purse seine vessels specification by GRT in Indonesia. Vessel Size (GRT) < 10 10-30 30-100 Single boat purse seiner Mesh size (inch) ≥ 1 ≥ 1 ≥ 1 Length (m) ≤ 300 ≤ 400 ≤ 600 Light (watt) ≤ 4,000 ≤ 8,000 ≤ 16,000 Fishing lane I, II & III II & III III Two boat purse seiner Mesh size (inch) - ≥ 1 ≥ 1 Length (m) - ≤ 600 ≤ 800 Light (watt) - ≤ 8,000 ≤ 16,000 Fishing lane - II & III III Source: Small Pelagic Purse Seine Fisheries Status in Natuna Sea and Adjacent Waters (Suwarso, Imron, Duto & Asep, 2018). 68 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 IV) Malaysia The fisheries management measures involving PS in Malaysia are based on the existing Fisheries Act 1985 (Act 317) (Sallehudin, 2019; Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2015a). There are specific measures aimed at ensuring a balance among fishing effort, sustainability of resources, environmental conservation and livelihood of stakeholders (Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2015b). i. Direct limitation of fishing effort through fishing zonation and licensing scheme. Fishing zones have been established through a licensing scheme. Currently, new fishing vessel licenses for Zone A, B and C, as well as application for permits for C2 (Deep Sea) zone are no longer issued. Only applications for permits for C3 (International Sea Waters) are still allowed at present (Sallehudin, 2019). ii. Tightens re-new license requirements. Started 2013, the PS license will be re-new based on yearly performance on two criterias which are the landing of fish must be at least 350 MT and the Mobile Transceiver Units (MTU) equipment activation must be over 80% of sea hours (Azura, 2017). iii. Controls on size and power of fishing vessels. Any attempt by fishers to change the tonnage or engine power of fishing vessels requires permission from the Director-General of Fisheries. iv. Monitoring, Control and Surveillance Programme. Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency (MMEA) has implored the Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) since 2014, and make compulsory installation of Automatic Identification System (AIS) since 2016 for all Zone B fishing boats, which including the FPS with ˂ 40 GRT. v. Resettlement of surplus fishers into the other sectors. The Vessel Buy-back scheme helps to improve the likelihood of Malaysian fishers. This scheme is supervised by Fishers Transformation Unit (FTU) under Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry Malaysia (Fisheries Development Authority of Malaysia, 2015). The surplus Malaysian fishers are relocating to sectors like agriculture, manufacturing, small-scale business, aquaculture and off-shore fishing. 69 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center V) Myanmar Every fishing activity in Myanmar is controlled by the licensing and registration system to control both the fishing vessels and their gear, under the current Fisheries Law and Union of Myanmar Foreign Investment Law 1995. The Department of Marine Administration is responsible for the ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 registration of fishing boats and fish carrier vessels carrying the flag of Myanmar, while the Department of Fisheries carry out the granting, suspending, and withdrawing of fishing licenses from fishing boats or carrier vessels. The current licenses are only valid for a year thus need to be re-new annually (1 April to 31 March for coastal and small-scale fisher, and 1 September to 31 August for deep-sea fishery) (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2010). Fishing gear registration is included in the fishing licenses, where one fishing vessel is permitted to use only one unit of fishing gear. Any attempt by fishers to change the tonnage or engine power of fishing vessels or to construct the fishing vessels require permission from the Director General of DOF and nautical approval from the respective authority. The specification and limitation of fishing gears and other license conditions are stated in the fishing license card. Currently, the DOF is developing its licensing system in electronic format under the e-government system. A moratorium (temporary hold) has been placed on the issuance of new or additional fishing licenses for vessels to harvest in coastal waters. This is to reduce the high fishing pressure on the limited coastal fisheries resources. Two fishing zones have been established through a licensing scheme whereby zones are designated for specific fishing gear, classes of fishing vessels and ownership. Basically, the two fishing zones in Myanmar marine water are: Fishing Zone 1, for coastal fisheries, extending from the shoreline to 5 nm in the northern area and to 10 nm in southern coastal areas; and Fishing Zone 2, from the outer limit of the Fishing Zone 1 out to the EEZ limit (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2010). The PS vessels operate in area beyond 10 nm to the EEZ and are more than 30 feet long powered by engine with more than 25 HP. VI) The Philippines The Philippines with Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) as the lead agency has executed numerous fisheries management plan in order to maintain the sustainability of fisheries resources including the Comprehensive National Fisheries Industry Development Plan 2008-2027 (CNFDIP) and five-year Fisheries Development Plan 2016-2020 (Rafael & Jonathan, 2019). Some 70 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 management measures that have been implemented in the PS fisheries were National Tuna Fish Aggregating Device (FAD) Management Policy, Sardine Management Plans and Roundscad Management Plan. Aside from imposing policies and plans, the country also attempted at other initiatives including the port sampling, logsheets, Philippine Fisheries Observer Program, Vessel Monitoring System/VMM and Catch Certification (Eleserio & Romero, 2019). The national Fishing Regulations that have been enforced for proper management of PS fisheries were such as: i. FAO 226, s 2008: Regulations on the Mesh Size of Tuna Purse Seine Nets and Trading of Small Tuna. ii. FAO 236, s 2009: Rules and Regulations on the Operation of Purse Seine and Ring Net Vessels Using FADs (locally known as Payaos) during the FAD Closure Period as Compatible Measures to WCPFC CMM 2008-01. iii. FAO 240, s 2012: Rules and Regulations in the Implementation of Fisheries Observers Program in the High Seas. iv. FAO 241, s 2012: Regulations and Implementation of the Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) in the High Seas. v. FAO 244 s. 2012: National Tuna Fish Aggregating Device (FAD) Management Policy. VII) Thailand Many regulations are enforced to manage the PS Thai flag, for example, the mesh size of the net, number of fishing day, and area FAD deployment. Fishing boat owners must renew their fishing license every two (2) years in order to exist and continue the PS fishing. The restriction on fishing net mesh size and fishing technique is one of the regulations used to conserve the juvenile fish. The mesh size for APS net larger than 6 mm is permitted, while the TPS’s mesh size must equal to or larger than 25 mm. APS fishing is allowed only during daytime (Chumchuen & Noranarttragoon, 2019). The DOF Thailand has set up a Fisheries Monitoring Centre (FMC) equipped with VMS technology. No vessel above 30 GRT is allowed to operate without VMS equipment installed (Royal Thai Embassy, 2016). The Thailand FMP identifies overcapacity of the fishing fleet and overfishing as the most critical challenges in Thai fisheries. The government has frozen registration of new commercial fishing vessels (moratorium) since August 2015. A vessel buy-back scheme has been prepared, with various compensation packages and new job training provided to different groups of affected 71 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center fishers. The decommissioned vessels are being scrapped in order to ensure that they will be removed from fisheries sector permanently. In addition, Thailand also implemented input control as stated in the National Policy for Marine Fisheries Management 2015 – 2019 (Department of Fisheries Thailand, 2015), in which has ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 targeted to reduce 30% fishing effort in GOT (SCS) and 20% in ANS from the previous fishing effort level for pelagic fish. In order to achieve that, the government has undertaken a reform of the fishing license regime. Starting in April 2016, the issuance of new fishing licenses shall be consistent with the MSY stipulated in the FMP. The number of fishing licenses granted will not exceed the level of catch permitted by the MSY. To achieve the MSY, a vessel day scheme is introduced in the FMP to limit the number of days fishing vessels can operate. The number of allowable fishing days differs across different fishing gears (e.g., trawlers, purse seiners and gillnets) and across the GoT (SCS) and the ANS. VIII) Viet Nam Viet Nam has applied a fishing license system since 1992 and the license is valid for a year. The offshore fishing boats of larger than 90 HP is licensed by the Department of Capture Fisheries and Fisheries Resources Protection (DECAFIREP), while the coastal fishing boats of less than 90 HP is licensed by the authority at province level (sub-DECAFIREP) (Nguyen, 2010). The government has adopted the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) since 1995. Recently, the government has issued “Master Plan on Fisheries Development of Vietnam to 2020, Vision to 2030”, in which stated that total number of fisheries boats needs to drop to 110,000 boats (2020), by 2030 falling to 95,000 boats, aimed to a reduction by 1.5% per year (Tuyen & Tam, 2019). Other management strategies that had been introduced were limitation in the number of fishing vessels, regulation of mesh size (Table 13), catch monitoring (Table 14), VMS, and log book. Table 13. Minimum mesh size at the bunt for purse seine vessels in Viet Nam. English name Vietnamese name Minimum mesh size at the bunt (mm) Anchovy PS Lưới vây cá cơm 10 mm Luring PS Lưới vây rút chì 18 mm Source: Country Presentation: The Purse Seine Fisheries in Viet Nam (Tuyen & Tam, 2019). 72 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Table 14. Minimum length of some small pelagic captured in Vietnamese waters. Scientific name Vietnamese name Length (cm) Sardinella jussieu Cá Trích xương 8 Sardinella aurita Cá Trích tròn 10 Anchoviella spp. Cá Cơm 5 Decapterus maruadsi Cá nục sồ 12 Selaroides leptolepis Cá Chỉ vàng 9 Scomberomorus guttatus Cá Thu chấm 32 Scomber japonicus Cá Thu nhật 20 Auxis thazard Cá Ngừ chù 22 Euthynnus affinis Cá Ngừ chấm 36 Rastrelliger kanagurta Cá Bạc má 15 Source: Country Presentation: The Purse Seine Fisheries in Viet Nam (Tuyen & Tam, 2019). 3.4.2. Closed season and closed area I) Brunei Darussalam Brunei Darussalam do not have any closed season due to the lack of data and research on the study lifecycle of fishes and limited water area. Regarding closed area, through Merchant Shipping Safety Zone and Fisheries Order 2009, area within radius 500 m away from any oil or gas platforms, pipelines and structures are established as safety zone thus no fishing activities are allowed. Besides that, any commercial fishing vessels are not allowed to fish in area 1 nm from oil platforms and pipelines (Figure 59) (Brunei Darussalam, 2013; Brunei Darussalam, 2009). This regulation allows the marine oil/gas structures to act as artificial reefs that provide habitat, food, protection from predation and spawning substrata to marine organisms (Scarborough Bull, 1989). One of the provisions of the Fisheries Order is the establishment and management of the marine reserves and marine parks. Since 2012, there are six (6) declared Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) which are Pulau Punyit, Pelong Rocks, Labu, Louisa Reef, Pulau Siarau and Selirong (The Forestry Department Brunei, 2014). 73 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Figure 59. The location of oil/gas pipelines and platforms in Brunei Darussalam. Source: Assessment of demersal fishery resources in Brunei Darussalam (Ebil, 2013). II) Cambodia Cambodia has introduced a closed spawning season for Rastrelliger spp. from 15 January to 31 March every year (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2011a). The short mackerel usually comes to the coastal areas between mid-January and the end of March in order to reproduce. Thus, to ensure the sustainability of the species, a temporary ban on mackerel fishing is implemented during the breeding period, and the Cambodia fishers complied to the ban since they admitted less mackerel catch in recent years indicating the declining stock of the species. Regarding closed area, Cambodia has four (4) established MPAs totalling about 2,500 km2; including Ream National Park that has significant coral reef resources, Botum Sakor National Park, Dong Peng Multiple Use Area and Peam Krasop Wildlife Sanctuary (FAO, 2011). In 2016, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) had established the country’s first Marine Fisheries Management Area (MFMA) called Koh Rong Acrhipelago MFMA that covers seven (7) islands which are Koh Rong, Koh Rong Samloem, Koh Koun, Koh Touch, Koh Tatiem, Koh Mnoas Krav and Koh Mnoas Knong (Figure 60). 74 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Figure 60. Koh Rong Archipelago Marine Fisheries Management Area. Source: ‘Marine park’ off Koh Rong planned by Khouth and Alessandro, 2017. 75 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center III) Indonesia The closed season and closed area for some dominant species of small pelagic was declared based on the biological studies of the targeted species. For example, in 2011, to protect the fish roe and larva, Bengkalis Fishery and Maritime Affairs in Riau had prohibited fishers from catching the ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 longtail shad fish, Tenualosa macrura (locally called terubuk) in mangrove areas on Bengkalis Island and around the Siak River estuary, between September and November, as terubuk usually breeds in brackish water, during the very short period for laying eggs, usually only three days. Yet, during the closed season as well as the ban of fishing in closed area, the fishing effort has been still high because terubuk meat and roe command a high price at market (Suwarso, Muhammad Taufik, & Akhmad Zamroni, 2017). Up to 2007, the Central Government of Indonesia (Jakarta), administered by the Ministry of Forestry, has has established over 200 MPAs and five (5) Marine Managed Areas (MMAs), many of which are actually combined terrestrial and marine parks. Government data shows that Indonesia has declared 19.14 million hectares of MPAs as of December 2017, or 96% of its commitment to establish 20 million hectares of MPA coverage by 2020 (Kalistaningsih, 2018). IV) Malaysia The closed season has not been enforced yet but currently it is being evaluated and drafted for its effectiveness and suitability to the fisheries situation in Malaysia. In the past, the DOF Malaysia had gazetted Fisheries Regulation 1996, that had included a ‘Closed Seasoned to catch Grouper Fry from November to December every year in the State of Kelantan and Terengganu’ and ‘Prohibition of Method of Fishing Grouper Fry’ which allowed only fish traps to catch grouper fry along Malaysian coasts. However the enforcement was not established due to many constraints, particularly in term of financial factor (Manap, 2016). Malaysia has more than 40 declared MPAs (UP-MSI, ABC, ARCBC, DENR, ASEAN, 2002). The Marine Park Department is the agency responsible for management of MPAs, together with related agencies from federal and states (Figure 61). The first MPA’s declared in the country was the Tunku Abdul Rahman Park, Sabah in 1974. Fishing zonation system in WCPM has been revised in 2014 to authorize 0-1 nm from the shore in WCPM as No Take Zone. In the same vein, identifying the waters within 5 nm of the shore as the nursery grounds of juveniles of prawns and 76 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 fish is to ensure survival of juveniles of commercially important fish species. Thus, the commercial fishing vessels such as FPS and trawl are prohibited in the nursery areas (Sallehudin, 2019; Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2015a). Besides that, Malaysia also develops her marine park, for example Redang Island and Perhentian Islands Marine Park in Terengganu, Payar Archipelago in Kedah, Pemanggil Island and Sibu Island in Johor, and Tun Mustapha Marine Park in Sabah. In adition, Fisheries Prohibited Area (FPA) has also been established, i.e. Tanjung Tuan and Pulau Besar FPA in Malacca as well as Rantau Abang FPA in Terengganu. Latest approach by DOF Malaysia has identified Tanjung Leman in Johor (southeast of Peninsular Malaysia) as refugia site for lobster Panulirus spp, and Kuala Baram (northeast of Sarawak State) as refugia site for the penaeid shrimp P. monodon, although the concept of refugia is different from protected area (Manap, 2016). It is still in its initial stages and requires more intensive consultations and discussions on this newly introduced concept to get mutual agreement on management of the refugia. Figure 61. The Marine Protected Areas in Malaysia. Source: Map 04: Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Malaysia by the Coral Triangle Atlas, n.d. (http://archive.constantcontact.com/fs028/1108454596610/archive/1111037468207.html). 77 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center V) Myanmar Myanmar has enforced the closed season and closed area laws as indicated in Figure 62. Since 2013, the DOF Myanmar, under the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, has been declaring an annual ‘no-fishing season’ of three (3) months to allow the juvenile fish comes to mangrove area ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 for feeding (Kyaw, 2018). There are one (1) fishing ground in Rakhine, four (4) in Ayeyarwady, two (2) in the Mon, and three (3) in Tanintharyi regions that have been gazetted as closed fishing areas from June to August. In 2018, the government designated specific period between 16 May to 15 August every year as the closed season. Earlier, fishing was totally restricted during the closed season, causing zero income to the families that rely on fishing. However, recently, this rule has been relaxed, allowing 20 % of fishing vessels to operate during the season which involves the traditional inshore fishing (Global New Light of Myanmar, 2019). Currently, there are few closed areas in Myanmar which are also known as reserved fishing areas and MPAs. Nursery areas have been identified, and they have been protected and managed as reserved fishing areas. The country has four (4) declared MPAs (UP-MSI, ABC, ARCBC, DENR, ASEAN, 2002). Lampi island of the Tanintharyi coast has been designated as Marine National Park and Marine Reserve in 1996. Around three (3) nm of the island areas have been identified as fisheries protected areas whereby collection of marine fauna and flora are prohibited. Fishing in the protected areas is prohibited unless permitted to do so (Than, 2018; Food and Agriculture Organization, 2010). Figure 62. The closed areas and closed seasons implemented in Myanmar. Sources: Country Presentation: Purse Seine Fishery in Myanmar (Kyaw, 2018). 78 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 VI) The Philippines The protection and conservation of sardines, herrings and mackerels in the Visayan Sea through closed fishing season has been implemented since the late 1930s. On February 18, 1939, the then Department of Agriculture and Commerce, Bureau of Science Fish and Game Administration issued the Fish and Game Administrative Order No. 13 which promulgated the regulations establishing the closed season for the conservation of sardines and herrings (Department of Agriculture and Commerce, 1939). The policy was implemented for four months (November 15 to March 15 ) in selected areas of the Visayan Sea, north of the island of Negros and between the northern parts of the island of Panay and Cebu (Ani, 2016). Still, in late 2000s, sardine population has dwindled in such an alarming rate, thus instigating BFAR to seriously implement a closed season for the sardine, together with the deployment of patrol boats. At the beginning, the ban started in Zamboanga Peninsula water, from 1 December 2011 to 1 March 2012 for three months, and in Visayan Sea and its surrounding waters on 15 November 2012 to 15 March 2013 for four (4) months. After the observance of closed season, there was about 20% increase in sardine production in Zamboanga Peninsula, and also gave many positive impacts like increased in catch of high value of non-sardines’ species and increased in Filipinos fishers’ income. After that, the three-month (3) closed fishing season of sardines, mackerels and herrings becomes annual agenda in the Visayan Sea and other municipalities where there are resources of the said species. Meantime, in Davao Gulf, started in 2014, have implemented the catch ban of some pelagic species locally known as karabalyas, galunggong, and matang baka among others from 1 June to 31 August every year. The annually declared closed fishing season for round scad is from 1 November to 31 January in Northern Palawan (Figure 63). 79 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Figure 63. Closed seasons implemented in the Philippines. Source: Country Report: The Philippines: 4th Core Expert Meeting on Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region (Eleserio & Romero, 2019). The country has estimated more than 180 declared MPAs (UP-MSI, ABC, ARCBC, DENR, ASEAN, 2002). The first marine park in SEA region is believed to be the Hundred Islands National Park on the west coast of Luzon Island, established in 1940 (White, 1979). The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and the Department of Agriculture’s Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (DA-BFAR) are the two government agencies mainly responsible for the national planning, policies and evaluation of the Philippine marine environment. However, much of the actual management authority and implementation has been decentralized to the local government units (Municipal level) after the ratification of the Local Government Code of 1991. VII) Thailand Some closed seasons are enforced for PS fisheries, in which four (4) periods in SCS (GOT) and one (1) period in ANS as listed in Table 15 (Chumchuen & Noranarttragoon, 2019). Presently, more than 25% of Thai waters are declared as protected areas (Panjarat & Saikliang, n.d.). The country has approximately 23 declared MPAs. The government agencies responsible for MPA management are the Royal Forest Department (RFD), which is responsible for marine park management, and the Department of Fisheries, which is responsible for aquatic resource management. The Marine National Park Division of the RFD is mandated to manage 80 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 marine parks and implement the relevant laws and regulations (UP-MSI, ABC, ARCBC, DENR, ASEAN, 2002). In case of closed area, PS fishing operations are generally prohibited within 3 nm from the shore, as well as within 1.5 nm around any island, which can be different in some areas depending on the announcement of provincial fisheries committee (Chumchuen, 2018). These areas are considered as the habitats for small-sized individuals or juveniles of pelagic fish which can be caught by purse seiners and trawlers. Table 15. Implementation of yearly closed season for purse seine in Thailand. SCS (GOT) ANS 15 February – 15 May (Prachuap Khiri Khan, Chumphon, & Surat Thani Provinces) 16 May – 14 June (Prachuap Khiri Khan, Chumphon, & Surat 1 April – 30 June Thani Provinces) (Phuket, Phang Nga, Krabi & Trang 15 June – 15 August Provinces) (Prachuap Kiri Khan, Petchaburi, Samut Songkram, & Samut Sakhon) 1 August – 30 September (Samut Sakhon, Bangkok, Samut Prakan, Cha Choeng Sao, & Chonburi Provinces) Source: Purse Seine Fisheries of Thailand (Yingyuad & Chanrachkij, 2010). VIII) Viet Nam According to Pham & Vu (2019), the closed season for fishing in Vietnamese waters are still under- studied, thus to date, there is no specific information. The country has 22 declared MPAs, administered and managed at the national level, through the National Marine Park Authority (UP- MSI, ABC, ARCBC, DENR, ASEAN, 2002). The examples of MPAs are Con Doa, Doa Cat Ba, Nha Trang Bay, Phu Quoc, Phu Quy Island and Ha Long Bay (Figure 64) (World Database on Protected Areas, n.d.). About 162,700 km2 has been identified as restricted fishing area in Viet Nam (Funge-Smith, Briggs, & Miao, 2012). 81 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Figure 64. Examples of Marine Protected Areas in Viet Nam. Source: An introduction of Marine Conservation in Vietnam (Thanh, n.d.). 82 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 4. Population Parameters and Biological Information 4.1. Species composition The species composition was generated using the catch data using PS vessels submitted by AMSs. The fish species composition showed that sardines, anchovies, Indo Pacific mackerels, round scads, neritic tunas, Indian mackerels, selar scads and hardtail scads are among dominating small pelagic fish exploited by PS in the SEA region. The rest of catch from PS was grouped into five different categories which are other pelagic species, mixed fish, trash fish, squids and crustacean. I) Brunei Darussalam The major pelagic species caught in Brunei Darussalam from 1996 to 2016 were sardines (27%), Indian mackerel (14%) and selar scads (10%), although other pelagic fish category dominated the catch (41%). Indo Pacific mackerel was the least dominant species, with less than one percent (Figure 65). Figure 65. Species composition of pelagic fishes in Brunei Darussalam, 1996-2016. 83 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center II) Cambodia Indian mackerel dominated 46% of pelagic fish caught in Cambodia by PS from 2003 to 2005, followed by other pelagic fish with 45%. The Indo Pacific mackerel recorded the lowest catch with less than one percent (Figure 66). ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Figure 66. Species composition of pelagic fishes in Cambodia, 2003-2005. III) Indonesia In FMA 711 (SCS), the composition was Indo Pacific mackerel (11%), round scads (7%), Indian mackerel (1%) and selar scads (0.38%), while FMA 571 (ANS) was comprised of Indo Pacific mackerel (30%), round scads (20%) and Indian mackerel (0.45%). The other pelagic fish category is largely dominating to the species composition of pelagic fish in Indonesia water from 1996 until 2014 (Figure 67). Round scads and Indo Pacific mackerel were more evident in FMA 571(ANS) than FMA 711(SCS). Indian mackerel was more abundant in FMA 711 (SCS) than FMA 571 (ANS) though in pretty low percentage. Figure 67. Species composition of pelagic fishes in Indonesia, 1996-2014. 84 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 IV) Malaysia Figure 68 shows the species composition of pelagic fishes in Malaysia for two fishing grounds, with different time series, where SCS is from 1996 to 2016 and ANS from 2000 to 2016. The major species observed in the SCS were round scads (29%), sardines (16%) and neritic tunas (15%). Whereas in the ANS, Indo Pacific mackerel dominated the catch (27%) and followed by round scads (18%) and neritic tunas (11%). Indo Pacific mackerel was evident in ANS than SCS, while sardine was more evident in SCS. Anchovies took 3% in SCS and 5% in ANS. Figure 68. Species composition of pelagic fishes in Malaysia, 1996-2016 (SCS) and 2000-2016 (ANS). V) Myanmar The species composition of pelagic fish from PS catch in Myanmar from 2006 to 2014 is comprised of few species only, as indicated in the Figure 69. Anchovy was the most dominant species (43%), followed by other fishes (34%) and sardines (22%). The least pelagic fishes caught in Myanmar is Indian mackerel (1%). Figure 69. Species composition of pelagic fishes in Myanmar, 2006-2014. 85 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center VI) The Philippines In the Philippines, species composition of pelagic fish is majorly comprised of neritic tunas (65%), followed by sardine (21%), other pelagic fish (6%), round scads (5%) and Indo Pacific mackerel (3%) (Figure 70). Neritic tuna fishery is well developed in the country. ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Figure 70. Species composition of pelagic fishes in The Philippines. VII) Thailand In general, the species composition of pelagic fishes from 1996 to 2016 is different according to the fishing area (Figure 71). Species composition of pelagic fishes in the GOT (SCS) was largely dominated by anchovies (28%), sardines (24%) and Indo Pacific mackerels (15%). The rest of the species accounted less than 7% for each species, with hardtail scads contributed the least (1%). Meanwhile, the catch in the ANS dominated by anchovies (17%), round scads (13%), Indo Pacific mackerel (11%) and sardines (11%). Selar scad was the least (2%). Round scads and hardtail scads were prominent in ANS than GOT (SCS). Figure 71. Species composition of pelagic fishes in Thailand, 1996-2016. 86 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 4.2. Biological information 4.2.1. Growth parameters, mortality parameters and exploitation rate I) Brunei Darussalam Table 16 presents the results of growth and mortality parameters of three pelagic species in Brunei Darussalam waters. The low value of K for Decapterus spp. ranged from 0.20 to 0.48 indicates an unusual slow growth rate for the local scads. Note the significant high values of Z (2.22 to 3.50) and F (1.60 to 3.03) indicating high fishing pressure among purse seiners in the country. The high exploitation rates E (0.72 to 0.86) indicates the overfishing of small pelagics in the country. Table 16. Growth and mortality parameters of small pelagic species in Brunei Darussalam. Species Growth Mortalities Exploitation Loo K Z M F M/K E=F/Z Decapterus macrosoma 24.2 0.20 2.49 0.35 2.14 1.75 0.86 Decapterus maruadsi 25.5 0.32 3.50 0.47 3.03 1.47 0.86 Rastrelliger kanagurta 25.6 0.48 2.22 0.62 1.60 1.29 0.72 Source: National Country Report for Brunei Darussalam (Matzaini H. Juna, Ranimah H A Wahab, & Cinco, 2007). II) Indonesia The Indian scad (D. russelli) shows the decrease in mortalities parameters and exploitation rate in 2015 compared to 2005. In contrast, the shortfin scad (D. macrosoma) in 2015 had been highly exploited than in 2005. The bigeye scad was moderately exploited in Natuna Sea (Table 17). The recent studies reveal that overexploitation occurred for yellowstripe scad (S. leptolepis) in Belawan and Rastrelliger spp. in Malacca strait (Table 18). 87 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Table 17. Estimation of growth and mortality parameters of few small pelagic species in FMA 711, South China Sea, Indonesia. Species Growth Mortalities Exploitation Year Loo K Z M F M/K E=F/Z a Decapterus russeli 2005 22.60 1.2 4.94 2.21 2.73 1.8 0.55 2015b 22.9 0.83 2.8 1.76 1.04 2.1 0.37 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 a Decapterus macrosoma 2005 21.5 1.2 4.35 2.25 2.11 1.9 0.48 2015b 23.1 1.03 8.1 2.26 5.84 2.2 0.72 Selar crumenopthalmus 2015b 23.7 1.0 5.58 1.97 2.49 2.0 0.45 Source: a National Country Report for Indonesia (Wudianto, Suwarso, & Hariati, 2007); b A Brief Notes on Small Pelagic Fish Purse Seine Fishery in Malacca Strait and Natuna Sea (Duto, 2016). Table 18. Estimation of growth and mortalities in Andaman Sea, Indonesia. Species Year Growth Mortalities Exploitation Site Loo K Z M F M/K E=F/Z Decapterus Palembang russelli 2005a 25.5 1.2 4.58 2.14 2.44 1.8 0.53 Decapterus a Palembang macrosoma 2005 25.0 1.2 4.35 2.25 2.11 1.9 0.48 Selaroides b Belawan leptolepis 2017 18.2 1.1 4.34 1.20 3.13 1.09 0.72 Rastrelliger c Malacca brachysoma 2014 19.1 1.22 13.39 2.81 10.58 2.30 0.79 Strait Rastrelliger c Malacca kanagurta 2014 24.0 1.84 7.66 2.93 4.73 1.59 0.62 Strait Source: a National Country Report for Indonesia (Wudianto, Suwarso, & Hariati, 2007); b The growth and exploitation rate of yellowstripe scad (selaroides leptolepis cuvier, 1833) in the Malacca Strait, Medan Belawan Subdistrict, North Sumatera Province (Tambun, Bakti, & Desrita, 2018); c Fishery and biology of Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) in Indonesian BOBLME region. BOBLME-2015-Ecology-51 (BOBLME, 2015). III) Malaysia The study of ‘Information Collection for Sustainable Pelagic Fisheries in the South China Sea (2007)’ shows that the studied mackerels and scads during 2003-2005 had exploitation rate (E) of 0.5 and above, indicating overexploitation, except for Japanese scad (D. maruadsi) in Sabah that had rate of 0.27. The study also found that short mackerel (R. brachysoma) in Sarawak water had the highest exploitation rate which was 0.86. Nonetheless, the recent studies of Indian mackerel (R. kanagurta) and yellowtail scad (A. mate) in Marudu Bay, Sabah show a moderate exploitation (Table 19). On the other hand, the pelagic fish in northern Malaysia have been overexploited for many years. The latest study on neritic tuna (E. affinis) in 2019 shows decreased in mortality rates yet an increase in the exploitation rate (Table 20). 88 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Table 19. Estimation of growth and mortality parameters of small pelagic in South China Sea, Malaysia. Species Site Growth Mortalities Exploitation Loo K Z M F M/K E=F/Z Decapterus ECPM a 24.00 1.2 5.34 2.18 3.16 1.81 0.75 macrosoma Sabah b 21.95 0.76 1.73 0.87 0.86 1.13 0.50 Decapterus ECPM a 27.00 1.2 8.49 2.12 6.38 1.76 0.75 maruadsi Sarawak c 27.2 1.1 4.31 1.06 3.25 0.96 0.75 Sabah b 25.0 0.51 0.51 0.65 0.14 1.27 0.27 Rastrelliger ECPM a 28.00 1.4 6.65 2.23 4.25 1.59 0.65 kanagurta Sarawak c 27.20 1.1 4.31 1.06 3.25 0.96 0.75 Kota Kinabalu, 29.83 0.51 3.49 1.23 2.26 2.41 0.65 Sabah b Marudu Bay, 27.83 1.50 4.44 2.46 1.98 0.45 Sabah d 1.64 Rastrelliger Sarawak c brachysoma 25.60 0.70 5.72 0.80 4.92 1.14 0.86 Atule mate Sabahe 27.80 1.50 4.53 2.46 2.07 1.64 0.46 Source: a National Country Report for Peninsular Malaysia (Samsudin, 2007); b National Country Report for Sabah (Dr. Ahemad & Irman, 2007); c National Country Report for Sarawak (Hadil, 2007); d Population Parameters of Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier,1816) in the Marudu Bay, Sabah, Malaysia (Amin, et al., 2014); e Population Dynamics of Yellowtail Scad, Atule mate (Cuvier 1833) in Marudu Bay, Sabah, Malaysia (Mohd Azim, Amin, Romano, Arshad, & Yusoff, 2017). Table 20. Estimation of growth and mortalities of small pelagics in WCPM, Andaman Sea. Year Growth Mortalities Exploitation Species Loo K Z M F M/K E=F/Z Rastrelliger brachysoma 1985 a 26.0 0.60 7.90 1.31 5.59 2.18 0.70 Rastrelliger kanagurta 1985 a 29.7 1.19 6.90 1.97 4.93 1.65 0.71 Decapterus spp. 1985 a 27.0 1.01 9.56 1.82 7.74 1.80 0.81 Euthynnus affinis 2015 b 60.4 0.26 0.80 0.33 0.47 1.26 0.59 2018 c 61.3 0.22 0.75 0.30 0.47 1.36 0.61 Source: a On the Status of the Rastrelliger and Decapterus Fisheries of the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia in 1984-1985 (Mansor, 1987); b Fishery, biology and population characteristics of Kawakawa in Perlis the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (Sallehudin, Effarina, & Samsudin, 2016); c Status of neritic tuna fishery and some biological aspects of Kawakawa (Euthynnus affinis) in the northern part of Peninsular Malaysia (Effarina, Sallehudin, Noorul-Azliana, & Noor Hanis, 2019). IV) Myanmar The asymptotic length (L∞) and growth co-efficient (K) for T. ilisha were estimated in three different study area respectively during October 2012 to September 2013 (Table 21). The asymptotic length (L∞) varied from 59.85 cm to 60.90 cm. Slight variation was observed for natural mortality which ranged between 1.208 and 1.271. However, fishing mortality showed wider range 89 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center from 1.873 to 2.198. The highest fishing mortality, 2.198 was observed in Sittwe while the lowest 1.873 was in Yae. The estimated exploitation rate (E) was varied from 0.596 to 0.646 in the three study areas, thus the stock of T. ilisha was considered to be overfished due to high value of E. Table 21. Population parameters of Tenualosa ilisha in Myanmar water, from October 2012 to September 2013. ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Species Site Growth Mortalities Exploitation Loo K Z M F M/K E=F/Z Sittwe 60.90 0.8 3.464 1.266 2.198 1.58 0.635 Tenualosa ilisha Yangon 59.85 0.74 3.415 1.208 2.207 1.63 0.646 Yae 59.85 0.88 3.144 1.271 1.873 1.44 0.596 Source: Stock assessment of Hilsa shad, Tenualosa ilisha in Myanmar BOBLME-2015-Ecology-22 (BOBLME, 2015). V) The Philippines Mortality rate for anchovies (S. gibbosa and S. fimbriata) and mackerels (R. kanagurta and R. brachysoma) in Manila Bay was higher than mortalities in other areas. Overfishing is, by far, the primary problem facing by The Philippines small pelagic fisheries. However, some small pelagic like scads (S. crumonephthalmus, D. macrosoma and D. maruadsi) in Tayabas Baywere moderately exploited in 2011-2013 (Table 22). Table 22. Estimation of growth and mortality parameters of some small pelagic in different sites in the Philippines. Species Site Growth Mortalities Exploitation Loo K Z M F M/K E=F/Z Sardinella fimbriata Guimaras Strait a 22.30 0.90 2.49 1.78 0.71 1.97 0.29 Manila Bay b 18.50 0.95 5.86 1.98 3.88 2.08 0.66 Sardinella gibbosa Tayabas Bay e 19.54 0.77 3.04 1.7 1.34 2.20 0.44 Manila Bay b 18.49 0.88 7.82 1.88 5.94 2.13 0.76 Rastrelliger kanagurta Davao Gulf c 28.5 1.30 5.96 2.15 3.81 1.65 0.64 Rastrelliger brachysoma Ragay Gulf d 24.50 1.28 6.09 2.16 3.93 1.68 0.65 Manila Bay b 28.67 1.3 7.47 2.15 5.32 1.65 0.7 Davao Gulf c 28.0 1.00 4.49 1.82 2.67 1.82 0.59 Selar crumenophthalmus Tayabas Bay e 28.45 0.32 1.52 0.86 0.66 2.68 0.43 Decapterus macrosma Tayabas Bay e 26.69 0.55 1.84 1.25 0.59 2.27 0.32 Decapterus maruadsi Tayabas Bay e 21.71 0.9 2.37 1.83 0.54 2.03 0.23 Source: a A comparative study of fish mortality rates in moderately and heavily fished areas of the Philippines (Tandog-Edralin, Ganaden, & Fox, 1988); b Fisheries Resources and Ecological Assessment of Manila Bay 2012-2015 (Santos, et al., 2017); c Fish resource assessment and management recommendations for Davao Gulf (Armada, 2004); d Population parameters of commercially important fishes in Philippine waters [1985] (Corpuz, Saeger, & Sambilay Jr., 1985); e Assessment of the Tayabas Bay Fisheries (Ramos, Mendoza, Fajardo Jr., & Lavapie-Gonzalez, 2018). 90 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 VI) Thailand The scads and sardines in GOT (SCS) have exploitation rates exceeded 0.5 (Table 23), thus indicating overfished of the species, especially the goldstripe sardine (S. gibbosa) that had highest mortality rate of 9.91 and exploitation rate of 0.78. Meanwhile, in ANS, the anchovies Encrasicholina spp. had been overly exploited (Table 24). Table 23. Estimation of growth and mortality parameters of small pelagic fish in Gulf of Thailand. Species Growth Mortalities Exploitation Loo K Z M F M/K E=F/Z Rastrelliger brachysoma a 22.0 2.5 6.12 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. Rastrelliger kanagurta b 26.98 1.6 5.32 2.56 2.76 1.60 0.52 Sardinella gibbosa c 21.68 1.61 9.91 2.21 7.7 1.37 0.78 Decapterus maruadsi d 27.75 1.01 6.43 1.89 4.54 1.87 0.71 Selar crumenophthalmus e 28.4 1.87 7.03 2.22 4.81 1.19 0.68 (Note: N.A = Not Available) Sources: a Sinanun et al. (2012); b Stock assessment of Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1817)) in the Gulf of Thailand (Thongsila, Sinanun, Noranarttragoon, Boonjorn, & Khemakorn, 2012); c Stock assessment of goldstripe sardinella, Sardinella gibbosa (Bleeker, 1849) resources in the Gulf of Thailand (Boonjorn, Noranarttragoon, Sanitmajjaro, & Pankaew, 2013); d Stock assessment of round scads, Decapterus maruadsi in the Gulf of Thailand (Yamrungrueng, Leartkaitratchata, & Tes-a-sen, 2018); e Stock assessment of big eye scad (Selar crumenophthalmus) in the Gulf of Thailand (Khemakorn, Yamrungrueng, Bonjorn, & Pankaew, 2015). Table 24. Estimation of growth and mortality parameters of anchovies in Andaman Sea, Thailand. Species Growth Mortalities Exploitation Loo K Z M F M/K E=F/Z Encrasicholina punctifer 10.8 1.85 11.35 2.9 8.45 1.57 0.74 Encrasicholina heteroloba 10.6 1.7 10.91 2.76 8.15 1.62 0.75 Encrasicholina devisi 10.54 1.8 9.59 2.88 6.72 1.60 0.70 Source: Stock assessment of round scad, Decapterus maruadsi (Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) along the Andaman Sea Coast of Thailand (Boonsuk, Jaiyen, Sumontha, & Nontapun, 2010). VII) Viet Nam The buccaneer anchovy (E. punctifer) in Central water and the short-mackerel (R. brachysoma) in Southwest water have very high mortality rate which were 7.33 and 7.75 respectively. The exploitation rate of species in Viet Nam water was in range of 0.44 to 0.78 (Table 25). The bullet tuna A. rochei was very overly exploited, thus some management measure should be taken in order to sustain the fish population. In overall, Southwest water was less exploited compared to other fishing grounds in Viet Nam. 91 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Table 25. Estimation of growth and mortality parameters of small pelagic in Viet Nam, 2011-2015. Species Site Growth Mortality Exploitation L∞ K Z M F M/K E=F/Z Decapterus Tonkin Gulf 27.8 0.97 3.95 1.76 2.19 1.81 0.55 maruadsi Central water 27.8 0.98 4.06 1.80 2.26 1.84 0.56 Southeast 25.7 1.1 4.67 1.99 2.69 1.81 0.58 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Rastrelliger Tonkin Gulf 26.8 1.2 6.36 2.08 3.15 1.73 0.50 k anagurta Central water 27.8 1.1 4.33 1.94 2.39 1.76 0.55 Southeast 26.8 1.2 6.39 2.08 4.31 1.73 0.67 Southwest 23.6 1.5 5.12 2.49 2.63 1.66 0.51 Rastrelliger Southwest 22.6 1.8 7.75 2.84 4.91 1.58 0.63 brachysoma Auxis rochei Central water 32.0 0.68 3.19 1.36 1.83 2.00 0.57 Southeast 32.3 0.68 6.22 1.36 4.86 2.00 0.78 Auxis thazard Southeast 45.7 0.62 2.31 1.16 1.15 1.87 0.50 Selaroides leptolepis Southwest 16.3 1.2 4.24 2.39 1.85 1.99 0.44 Atule mate Southwest 27.8 0.97 3.56 1.79 1.77 1.85 0.50 Encrasicholina Tonkin Gulf 10.5 1.5 6.22 3.07 3.15 2.05 0.51 heteroloba Southwest 8.4 1.8 6.96 3.74 3.22 2.08 0.46 Encrasicholina punctifer Central water 11.0 1.7 7.33 3.34 3.99 1.96 0.54 Source: Project Completion Report I.9, “Overall assessment of current status and fluctuations of marine resources in Vietnamese Sea” (Nghia, Project Completion Report I.9, “Overall assessment of current status and fluctuations of marine resources in Vietnamese Sea”, 2017). 4.2.2. Length at first maturity (Lm) The length at first maturity (Lm) was determined by using UDUPA method. According to Udupa, the length at first mature varies among species and within species itself, as such that the individuals coming from one size/age class do not always achieve maturity in the same size (Udupa, 1986). I) Brunei Darussalam The Lm for Indian mackerel (R. kanagurta) was increased from 22.2 cm in 2003 to 23.1 cm in 2005 (Table 26). Meanwhile, Japanese scad (D. maruadsi) remained 19.2 cm in 2004 and 2005 (Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2015a; Matzaini H. Juna, Ranimah H A Wahab, & Cinco, 2007). 92 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Table 26. Length at first maturity of two pelagic species in Brunei Darussalam, 2003-2005. Species Length at first maturity, Lm (cm) 2003 2004 2005 Rastrelliger kanagurta 22.2 22.9 23.1 Decapterus maruadsi N.A. 19.2 19.2 Source: National Country Report for Brunei Darussalam (Matzaini H. Juna, Ranimah H A Wahab, & Cinco, 2007). II) Cambodia The Lm of short mackerel (R. brachysoma) in the Cambodia water was estimated to be 15.7 cm for males and 17.0 cm for females (Table 27). The size of matured male fish were smaller size than the matured female fish (Fisheries Administration Cambodia, 2017). Table 27. Length at first maturity of Rastrelliger brachysoma in Cambodia, 2004. Sex Length at first maturity, Lm (cm) Female 15.7 Male 17.0 Source: National Country Report for Cambodia (Sereywath, 2007); Size at first maturity and spawning season of short Mackerel Rastrelliger brachysoma (Bleeker, 1851) in coastal of Cambodia 2004 (Fisheries Administration Cambodia, 2017). III) Indonesia Table 28 shows the estimated Lm for three pelagic species in Natuna Sea, FMA 711(SCS). In 2014, Lm was estimated for Indian scad (D. russelli) as 20.3 cm and bigeye scad (S. crumenophthalmus) as 22.4 cm. In 2016, Lm values of three small pelagic species were estimated; Indian scad (D. russelli) as 17.4 cm, bigeye scad (S. crumonephthalmus) as 19.1 cm and short mackerel (R. brachysoma) as 15.0 cm. Recent publication of BOBLME project in Malacca Strait showed varied length of Lm between two species of scads (BOBLME, 2015). R. kanagurta was have longer Lm than R. brachysoma, which were 22.3 cm and 16.9 cm respectively (Table 29). 93 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Table 28. Length at first maturity of common pelagic species in Natuna Sea, FMA 711(SCS), Indonesia. Species Length at first maturity, Lm (cm) 2014 2016 Decapterus russelli 20.3 17.4 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Selar crumenophthalmus 22.4 19.1 Rastrelliger brachysoma 15.0 Source: Small Pelagic Purse Seine Fisheries Status in Natuna Sea and Adjacent Waters (Suwarso, Imron, Duto & Asep, 2018). Table 29. Length at first maturity for mackerels in Malacca Strait, ANS, Indonesia, 2014. Species Length at first maturity, Lm (cm) Rastrelliger kanagurta 22.3 Rastrelliger brachysoma 16.9 Source: Fishery and biology of Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) in Indonesian BOBLME region. BOBLME-2015- Ecology-51 (BOBLME, 2015). IV) Malaysia Table 30 presents the available information from three areas in the SCS off Malaysia waters which are ECPM, Sarawak and Sabah, while Table 31 presents the Lm for Indian mackerel in WCPM, ANS. For example, the Japanese scad (D. maruadsi) was recorded to attain Lm of 14.60 – 15.50 cm (female) and 16.60 – 17.50 cm (male) in ECPM, Lm of 22.7 cm (female) and 21.7 cm (male) in Sarawak, and Lm of 23.0 cm (female) and 26.0 cm (male) in Sabah. Furthermore, similar pattern was observed in shortfin scad (D. macrosoma) and Indian mackerel (R. kanagurta) where smaller size of those species was found in ECPM than in Sarawak and Sabah waters. 94 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Table 30. Length at first maturity of common pelagic species in SCS, Malaysia waters. Species Sex Length at first maturity (cm) ECPM a SARAWAK b SABAH c Decapterus maruadsi F 14.60 – 15.50 22.67 23.0 M 16.60 – 17.50 21.72 24.6 Decapterus macrosoma F 15.50 – 16.30 19.50 20.2 M 15.60 – 18.50 12.81 20.5 Decapterus russeli F 11.44 NA NA M 12.98 Rastrelliger brachysoma F 22.46 NA NA M 22.46 Rastrelliger kanagurta F 18.30 - 18.40 18.50 26.3 M 19.40 – 23.30 21.20 28.4 Sources: a Country Report: Malaysia - East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (Sallehudin, 2019); b Country Report: Malaysia - West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (WCPM) (Abdul-Wahab, Country Report: Malaysia - West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (WCPM), 2019); c National Country Report for Sabah (Dr. Ahemad & Irman, 2007). As indicated in the Table 31, the size of maturity for Indian mackerel (R. kanagurta) is varied in ANS, depending on the research year. Table 31. Length at first maturity of Rastrelliger kanagurta in ANS, Malaysia waters. Rastrelliger kanagurta Length at first maturity, Lm (cm) Male/Female 20.60 a Male/Female 18.0-19.0 b Male 22.80 - 23.20 c Female 23.20 - 23.80 c Source: a Population Structure of Small Pelagic Fishes off the East Coast Peninsular Malaysia (Mansor, Syed Abdullah, & Abdul Hamid, Population Structure of Small Pelagic Fishes off the East Coast Peninsular Malaysia, 1996); b West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia : Acoustic, Fishery Oceanography and Bottom Substrate Surveys (Abu Talib, Alias, & Mazalina, West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia : Acoustic, Fishery Oceanography and Bottom Substrate Surveys, 2009); c Country Report: Malaysia - West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (WCPM) (Abdul-Wahab, Country Report: Malaysia - West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (WCPM), 2019). V) The Philippines Table 32 presents the Lm for goldstripe sardinella (S. gibbosa), fringescale sardinella (S. fimbriata) and Indian mackerel (R. kanagurta) in Manila Bay. The mackerel was found to mature at the length of 24.5 cm (female) and 25.5 cm (male). 95 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Table 32. Length at first maturity of some commercially pelagic species in the Manila Bay, the Philippines waters. Species Length at first maturity, Lm (cm) F M Sardinella gibbosa 13.25 12.75 Sardinella fimbriata 12.75 12.25 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Rastrelliger kanagurta 24.50 25.50 Source: Country Presentation on Purse Seine Management in the Philippines (Romero & Lopez, 2018). VI) Thailand The information in (Table 33) is shown by sex (male and female) and fishing grounds (GOT and ANS). However, the information of some species, including frigate tuna (A. thazard) and kawakawa (E. affinis) in GOT was not available. On the other hand, the Lm of buccaneer anchovy (E. punctifer) in GOT is only available for mixed-sex. Table 33. Length at first maturity of some commercially important pelagic species in Thailand waters. Species Sex Length at first maturity (cm) GOT ANS Rastrelliger brachysoma M 16.45a 16.09a F 17.95a 15.33a Rastrelliger kanagurta M 20.07a 17.83a F 17.12a 18.92a Sardinella gibbosa M NA 12.27c F 10.35b 13.12c Decapterus maruadsi M 14.31d 15.92e F 13.19d 15.66e Auxis thazard M NA 26.57f F NA 28.88f Euthynnus affinis M NA 37.74f F NA 39.71f Encrasicholina punctifer M 6.19h 6.51g F 6.47h Encrasicholina heteroloba M NA 6.09h F 7.49h 6.44h Encrasicholina devisi M NA 6.44h F 7.81i 7.21h Notes: GOT: Gulf of Thailand; ANS: Andaman Sea; M: Male; F: Female; NA: Not available 96 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 *Total length was measured; **Fork length was measured Sources: a Reproductive biology of short mackerel Rastrelliger brachysoma (Bleeker, 1851) and Indian mackerel R. kangurta (Cuvier, 1816) (Krajangdara, Puntuleng, Chalee, & Hussadee, 2007); b Reproductive biology of goldstripe sardinella (Sardinella gibbosa (Bleeker, 1849)) in the Gulf of Thailand (Nasuchon, Puttharaksa, Sritakon, & Hussadee, 2010); c Reproductive biological of goldstripe sardinella, Sadinella gibbosa (Bleeker,1894) in the Andaman Sea of Thailand (Krajangdara & Chalee, 2004); d Reproductive biology of round scad Decapterus maruadsi (Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) in the Gulf of Thailand (Hussadee, Khongchai, Suppanirun, Charoensombat, & Khrueniam, 2015); e Reproductive biology of round scad, Decapterus maruadsi (Timminck & Schlegel, 1842) and shortfin scad, D. macrosoma Bleeker, 1851, in the Andaman Sea of Thailand (Supongpan, Karajangdara, & Chalee, 2003); f Reproductive biology of frigate tuna (Auxis thazard (Lacepède, 1800)) and eastern little tuna (Euthynnus affinis (Cantor, 1849)) in the Andaman Sea Coast of Thailand (Yakoh, Kongprom, & Kawmanee, 2016); g Anchovy fisheries in the Gulf of Thailand (Sinanun, Sinanun, Noranarttragoon, Boonjorn, & Tossapornpittakul, 2012),); h Reproductive biology of anchovies (Encrasicholina punctifer, E. heteroloba and E. devisi) in the Andaman Sea Coast of Thailand (Yakoh, Leartkaitratchata, & Tes-a-sen, 2014); i Anchovy falling net with light luring fisheries and reproductive biology of the shot head anchovy in the Middle Gulf of Thailand, 2002 (Nasuchon & Puntuleng, 2005). VII) Viet Nam The Indian mackerel (R. kanagurta) matured at similar sizes in all fishing grounds ranging from 18.3 cm to 18.9 cm, except in Southwest in which the mackerel attained maturity at smaller size, 16.4 cm. The Lm for other pelagic fishes including scads, neritic tunas, anchovies and selar were indicated in the Table 34. Table 34. Length at first maturity of small pelagic species in Viet Nam, 2014-2015. Fish group Species Length at first maturity (cm) Tonkin Gulf Central water Southeast Southwest Mackerels Rastrelliger kanagurta 18.3 18.2 18.9 16.4 Rastreliger brachysoma 14.5 Scads Decapterus maruadsi 17.3 19.8 16.4 Neritic tunas Auxis rochei 21.6 21.6 Ausxis thazard 30.5 Anchovies Encrasicholina heteroloba 6.1 4.9 Encrasicholina punctifer 5.3 Selar Selaroides leptolepis 9.8 Atule mate 16.8 Source: Project Completion Report I.9, “Overall assessment of current status and fluctuations of marine resources in Vietnamese Sea” (Nghia, Project Completion Report I.9, “Overall assessment of current status and fluctuations of marine resources in Vietnamese Sea”, 2017). 97 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center 4.2.3. Spawning season Fish are sensitive to sea water temperature to inhabit in the area and then breeding. Thus it leads to different time of spawning for same species. A number of fish have early reproduction age, one- year-old fish can reproduce, and most of fish reproduce many times in a year. The spawning season ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 is estimated using the Gonado Somatic Index (GSI) and the percentage of maturity. Some spawning season lasts for long time, most of fish spawn during the monsoon season which coincides with rainy season when the seawater temperature is high, salinity is low, and phytoplankton is abundant to feed by small fishes in the initial growth period. The mainly breeding grounds are the near shore areas, especially in large estuaries. I) Brunei Darussalam The GSI value fluctuated from 0.01 to 3.8. The peak of gonad maturation is during the month of July. There are three cycles of gonadal maturation namely in April, July, and November, in which the local knowledge of spawning period of three small pelagic species were stated in Table 35. The spawning areas are found in all fishing zones in the Brunei Darussalam waters (Figure 72). Figure 72. Spawning area in Brunei Darussalam. 98 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Table 35. The local knowledge of spawning season for three small pelagic species in Brunei Darussalam. Species Major spawning Rastrelliger kanagurta July-August a October-December b Decapterus maruadsi October-December a,b Decapterus macrosoma March, May –July a Source: a National Country Report for Brunei Darussalam (Matzaini H. Juna, Ranimah H A Wahab, & Cinco, 2007);b Country Report for Brunei Darussalam (Matzaini, 2013). II) Cambodia Table 36 presents the local knowledge on short mackerel (R. brachysoma) which shows that spawning occurs throughout the year with peaks from February to May (Fisheries Administration Cambodia, 2017). Table 36. The spawning season for mackerel in Cambodia. Species Major Spawning Minor Spawning Fishing Ground Rastrelliger brachysoma February-May a Sihanoukville & Kampot January-March May-June b Sihanoukville February-April July b Kampot Rastrelliger kanagurta January-March c Sihanoukville Source: a Size at first maturity and spawning season of short Mackerel Rastrelliger brachysoma (Bleeker, 1851) in coastal of Cambodia (Fisheries Administration Cambodia, 2017); b National Country Report for Cambodia (Sereywath, 2007); c The Report for the Purse Seine Fishery in Cambodia (Chea, 2016). III) Indonesia The spawning season for Indian scad (D. russelli) is estimated in mid-year, which is from July to September in Natuna Sea (SCS) (Table 37) while from April to October in Malacca Strait, ANS (Table 38). The shortfin scad (D. macrosoma) and bigeye scad (S. crumenopthalmus) spawn after mid-year in Natuna Sea (SCS). For Indian mackerel (R. kanagurta), August to November was spawning season in Natuna Sea (SCS), however it spawns almost year-round in Malacca Strait, ANS except in month of April and November. 99 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Table 37. The estimated spawning season for few small pelagic species in Natuna Sea (SCS). Species Major Spawning Minor Spawning Decapterus russelli March - June August – September a,b July Decapterus macrosoma April – June August - Novembera May- November c ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Rastrelliger kanagurta August – November a Selar crumenopthalmus August – November a,b after May d Sources: a Biological reproduction and estimation of spawning season for small pelagic fish in the South China Sea (Suwarso, Zamroni, & Wudianto, 2008); b Population dynamics on round scad in Natuna Sea (Fauzi, Suwarso, & Zamroni, 2015); c Study on the reproduction of "layang deles" shortfin scad (Decapterus macrosoma) in the Java Sea (Atmaja & Sadhotomo, 2005); d Small Pelagic Purse Seine Fisheries Status in Natuna Sea and Adjacent Waters (Suwarso, Imron, Duto, & Asep, 2018). Table 38. The spawning season in Malacca Strait (ANS). Species Major Spawning Minor Spawning Decapterus russelli April - October - Rastrelliger kanagurta May-October December-March Source: A Brief Notes on Small Pelagic Fish Purse Seine Fishery in Malacca Strait and Natuna Sea (Duto, 2016); Some Reproduction Aspects of Roundscads (Decapterus ruselli) and Mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) in Malacca Strait (Hariati, Taufik, & Zamroni, 2005). IV) Malaysia Some small pelagic species shows different spawning time, as stated in Table 39 for SCS and Table 40 for ANS. The Japanese scad (D. maruadsi) spawned twice in a year at all sub-areas, which the spawning starts in March and July. However, the length of spawning time is differed, for example Japanese scad in ECPM has long spawning time which is from March to August, but in Sarawak, the species has shorter time which is only in May and Jun. Similar observations occurred for other species. The shortfin scad (D. macrosoma) spawned twice a year in SCS area, where the first spawning season ended in March. Samsudin (2007) and Hadil (2007) reported that in SCS, the spawning season of Indian mackerel (R. kanagurta) occurred twice a year (May to June, and July to September) but in the southern sub-area of SCS, the spawning season occurred only once in a year. The study also reported that spawning season of these three species occurred during the southeast monsoon from December to March, with spawning strategy is to match the calm and productive coastal water nursery area post-monsoon for the survival of the progenies. 100 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Table 39. The estimated spawning season for species in SCS, Malaysia. Species Major Spawning Minor Spawning Fishing Ground Decapterus maruadsi March a Jul a y ECPM May-June a,b,c Sarawak Decapterus macrosoma March-May a July-August a ECPM September-October b,c Sarawak Rastrelliger kanagurta May-June a July- September a ECPM July-September a,c Sarawak Rastrelliger brachysoma September-October a Sarawak Source: a National Country Report for Peninsular Malaysia (Samsudin, 2007); b National Country Report for Sarawak (Hadil, 2007); c Country Presentation on Purse Seine Fisheries in Sarawak (Jamil, 2018). Table 40. The estimated spawning season in ANS, Malaysia. Species Major Spawning Minor Spawning Rastrelliger kanagurta September – February a October – April b Source: a Country Report: Malaysia - West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (WCPM) (Abdul-Wahab, Country Report: Malaysia - West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (WCPM), 2019).; b Observations on the gonad maturity stages of female Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier) (Pathansali D., 1967). V) Myanmar The entire fisheries is closed during June, July and August to allow spawning and recruitment. All fishing activities are banned during spawning season. Thus, it can be estimated that many species in Myanmar spawn during this closing time, included the Hilsa scad (T. ilisha) that is very important pelagic fish in Myanmar (Table 41). This anadromous fish migrates from sea through the river system, particularly, the Ayeyarwady river complex, to the spawning ground (estuaries and rivers), therefore these grounds become closed area for fishing from June to August. Table 41. The spawning time for Hilsa scad. Species Major Spawning Fishing Ground Tenualosa ilisha June - August Rakhine Source: Country Presentation: Purse Seine Fishery in Myanmar (Kyaw, 2018). VI) The Philippines The three studied small pelagic fishes in Manila Bay seem to spawn twice a year. The sardines were observed to spawn at the beginning months of the year and at the end months of the year. Moreover, Indian mackerel (R. kanagurta) spawns during mid-year and late months of the year (Table 42). 101 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Table 42. The spawning season for few small pelagic species in Manila Bay. Species Major Spawning Minor Spawning Sardinella gibbosa March - April October – December Sardinella fimbriata February - May October - December Rastrelliger kanagurta October – December May - June Source: Fisheries Resources and Ecological Assessment of Manila Bay 2012-2015 (Santos, et al., 2017). ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 VII) Thailand Spawning seasons of important commercial fishes in Thailand are shown in Table 43 for GOT (SCS) and Table 44 for ANS. The fish can spawn all year round; however, each species has the peak of its spawning time. There are slight differences in the peak of spawning time for each species between GOT (SCS) and ANS. For example, the short mackerel (R. brachysoma) is estimated to mostly spawn from February to May in GOT (SCS) while it is from November to May in ANS, and the second spawning occurs from July to October in GOT while from July to September in ANS. In addition, the number of spawning time for same species also differs in different areas, for example, the scads (D. maruadsi and S. crumenophalmus) spawn twice in GOT (SCS) but spawn once in ANS. Some species spawns only once, like those anchovy species (E. punctifer, E. heteroloba and E. devisi) in ANS. Some spawns twice a year, observed in many species in Thai water. Some species spawn several times during a year, like Indian mackerel (R. kanagurta) in GOT (SCS) and goldstripe sardinella (S. gibbosa) in ANS. Table 43. The estimated spawning season for five small pelagic species in GOT, SCS. Species Major Spawning Minor Spawning Rastrelliger brachysoma February – May July – October a Rastrelliger kanagurta January – March May, July, Sept, Nov a Sardinella gibbosa March- December b Decapterus maruadsi January – March May – July c Selar crumenopthalmus March – June October – November d Sources: a Reproductive biology of short mackerel Rastrelliger brachysoma (Bleeker, 1851) and Indian mackerel R. kangurta (Cuvier, 1816) (Krajangdara, Puntuleng, Chalee, & Hussadee, 2007); b Reproductive biology of goldstripe sardinella (Sardinella gibbosa (Bleeker, 1849)) in the Gulf of Thailand (Nasuchon, Puttharaksa, Sritakon, & Hussadee, 2010); c Reproductive biology of round scad Decapterus maruadsi (Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) in the Gulf of Thailand (Hussadee, Khongchai, Suppanirun, Charoensombat, & Khrueniam, 2015); d Reproductive biology of bigeye scad (Selar crumenopthalmus (Bloch, 1793)) in the Gulf of Thailand (Puttharaksa, Nasuchon, Kongchai, & Pinputtasin, 2008). 102 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Table 44. The spawning season for ten small pelagic species in ANS. Species Major Spawning Minor Spawning Rastrelliger brachysoma a November – May July- September Rastrelliger kanagurta a December - March August -September Sardinella gibbosa b April - June Aug, Sept, Nov, Jan Decapterus maruadsi c December – February Auxis thazard d January - March August- November Euthynnus affinis d January- March October – December Selar crumenopthalmus e September Encrasicholina punctifer f January Encrasicholina heteroloba g July Encrasicholina devisi f June Sources: a Reproductive biology of short mackerel Rastrelliger brachysoma (Bleeker, 1851) and Indian mackerel R. kangurta (Cuvier, 1816) (Krajangdara, Puntuleng, Chalee, & Hussadee, 2007); b Reproductive biological of goldstripe sardinella, Sadinella gibbosa (Bleeker,1894) in the Andaman Sea of Thailand (Krajangdara & Chalee, 2004); c Reproductive biology of goldstripe sardinella (Sardinella gibbosa (Bleeker, 1849)) in the Gulf of Thailand (Nasuchon, Puttharaksa, Sritakon, & Hussadee, 2010); d Reproductive biology of round scad, Decapterus maruadsi (Timminck & Schlegel, 1842) and shortfin scad, D. macrosoma Bleeker, 1851, in the Andaman Sea of Thailand (Supongpan, Karajangdara, & Chalee, 2003); e Reproductive biology of bigeye scad (Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793)) in the Andaman Sea coast of Thailand (Chalee & Yakoh, 2013); f Reproductive biology of anchovies (Encrasicholina punctifer, E. heteroloba and E. devisi) in the Andaman Sea coast of Thailand (Yakoh, Leartkaitratchata, & Tes-a-sen, 2014); g Reproductive biology of shorthead anchovy Encrasicholina heteroloba off Rayong Coast, the Gulf of Thailand (Munprasit, 1996). VIII) Viet Nam Table 45 shows that Indian mackerel (R. kanagurta) spawns during February to May in Tonkin Gulf water which located at far north, March to May and September to October in Central water, February to July in Southeast water and June to August in Southwest water in the south. These findings could suggest that the spawning season for the mackerel in the northern water happens earlier than the southern water of Viet Nam. 103 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Table 45. The spawning season for small pelagic species in different area in Viet Nam. Species Major Spawning Minor Spawning Fishing Ground Rastrelliger brachysoma February -April August - October Southwest Rastrelliger kanagurta February - May September - October Tonkin Gulf March - May Central water February - July Southeast ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 June - August Southwest Decapterus maruadsi March – May Central water February - July Southeast Auxis rochei July – August April – May Central water February - July Southeast Auxis thazard February - July Southeast water Encrasicholina heteroloba June - August October - November Tonkin Gulf Selaroides leptolepis January - May Southeast Source: Project Completion Report I.9, “Overall assessment of current status and fluctuations of marine resources in Vietnamese Sea” (Nghia, Project Completion Report I.9, “Overall assessment of current status and fluctuations of marine resources in Vietnamese Sea”, 2017). 104 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 5. Existing Information on Pelagic Fisheries Resources There are two types of data used in stock assessment, namely fishery-dependent data and fishery- independent data. The fishery-dependent data (FDD) require a long historical data i.e more than a decade period. The information is collected from the fishers of the commercial vessels and involves information of the total amount of fish removed from the ocean (catch and landings) and the level of fishing pressure (effort). On the other hand, the fishery-independent data (FID) usually involves the research vessels and chartered boats, and uses swept area methods in assessing the stock of demersal species and an acoustic survey for assessing the pelagic stocks (Sparre & Venema, 1992). The fishery-dependent data coupled with data from fishery independent surveys will provide a more accurate picture of stock status. All these methods of data collection have been widely used to assess the pelagic resources in the SEA region since 1970s. At present, acoustics survey is used as the method of choice in assessing the pelagic fish stocks around the world. The acoustics method can be used to estimate the density of pelagic fish, by transmitting sound waves of a certain frequency (commonly 38 kHz) into the water column, and then measuring the reflected (backscattered) sound energy. The mean fish density per area is further multiplied with the size of the area surveyed, to calculate abundance. Several books such as MacLennan and Simmonds (1992) described the technique in details. 5.1. Brunei Darussalam 5.1.1. Existing Assessment The first pelagic acoustic survey was conducted in 1989 to assess the pelagic stock, its status and potential for development, since prior to the survey, a few purse-seiners had been licensed using extrapolation from the neighbouring countries. The results from that first survey were being used for the existing pelagic development programme by the DOF Brunei Darussalam (Salleh, 1997). The next acoustic survey was done in 1996-1997. In addition, there was three (3) stock assessment surveys carried out in 1990, 2000 and 2006 to assess the fish stock in Brunei Darussalam (Noorizan & Nur-Aqilah, n.d.). 105 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center 5.1.2. Biomass and Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) The results from 1989 survey were listed in Table 46 although it was admitted to be preliminary as it was based on a single pelagic acoustic survey which may conceivably have missed the considerable seasonal fluctuation in abundance characteristic of small pelagics. The continental ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 shelf waters were estimated to have 15,415 MT biomass of small pelagics (Silvestre, Matdanan, Sharifudin, De Silva, & Chua, 1992). However, the findings from 1990-2006 surveys revealed that the fish stock is continuously declining. Based on the 2001-2013 annual catch and fishing effort data, the potential yield (MSY) of PS fisheries of Brunei Darussalam is estimated to be 888.65 MT. Meanwhile, the optimum fishing effort is estimated to be seven (7) unit of PS by using both Schaefer and Fox models (Figure 73) (Noorizan & Nur-Aqilah, n.d.). It was also observed that the Y/F ratio (yield per unit fishing effort ratio) tends to decline after every increase in the number of fishing units operating. There are few factors contributed to this situation such as overfishing by trawling activities and deteriorating of the demersal resources which in turn affected the pelagic resources due to their trophic relationship. Table 46. The estimation of small pelagic biomass in the continental shelf waters of Brunei Darussalam, 1989. Genera/group Biomass (MT) Relative abundance (%) Dussumieria spp. 3,705 24.0 Carangoides spp. 3,580 23.2 Decapterus spp. 3,230 21.0 Ariomma spp. 2,550 16.5 Selar spp. 1,400 9.1 Rastrelliger spp. 270 1.8 Others 680 4.4 TOTAL 15,415 Source: The Coastal Resources of Brunei Darussalam: Status, Utilization and Management (Silvestre, Matdanan, Sharifudin, De Silva, & Chua, 1992). 106 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 calculated Y 1,400.00 calcuated y 1,200.00 Data 1,000.00 800.00 600.00 400.00 200.00 - 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Fishing Effort (number of fishing vessels) Figure 73. The MSY of PS fisheries using the number of vessels as standard fishing effort in Brunei Darussalam, 2001-2013. Source: The Purse Seine Fisheries in Brunei Darussalam (Noorizan & Nur-Aqilah, n.d.) 5.2. Cambodia 5.2.1. Existing Assessment Cambodia had evaluated the mackerels (Rastrelliger spp.) resource in 2007 using catch and effort data from 1992-2006 to estimate the MSY and determine the optimal utilisation of the mackerel fishery. The estimation of maximum economic and sustainable yield (MEY-MSY) is based on the steady-state relationship between resource stock size, fishing effort, and yield, adapted from Schaefer (1957) and Fox (1970). This methodology is widely known as bioeconomic modelling (Puthy & Kristofersson, 2007). 5.2.2. Biomass and Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) The estimated MSY from mackerel study was equal to 5,876 thousand MT with an optimum level of fishing effort corresponding to approximately 152 unit of PS (Chea & Chhuon, Purse Seine Fishery in Cambodia, n.d.). According to both models, the effort level already surpassed the fMSY in 2005 (254 boats) and the yield was below MSY (Figure 74). In Cambodia, the actual mackerel fish biomass is not known but the virgin stock biomass was estimated at 15,467 MT. Both Schaefer 107 Annual Catch (MT) SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center and Fox models indicated the optimal biomass is higher than the current status of the mackerel fishery (Table 47). The results also indicate that the fishers were unlikely to leave fishing, more and more fishers will enter the fishery (unless other than more profitable opportunities are available to them), this will eventually lead to overexploitation of fisheries resource (Puthy & Kristofersson, 2007). ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Table 47. Main results from estimation of the mackerel fisheries. Categories Unit Current Optimal Difference Schaefer Fox Schaefer Fox Schaefer Fox Biomass 1000 MT 4.2 9.7 8.8 9.0 4.6 −0.7 Harvest 1000 MT 4.7 4.7 5.8 5.0 1.1 0.4 Effort Boat 187 187 143 213 0.0 0.0 Profits m. US$ 1.082 1.082 2.004 1.099 0.920 0.017 Rents m. US$ 1.158 1.158 2.080 1.176 0.922 0.017 Source: Marine fisheries resource management potential for mackerel fisheries of Cambodia (Puthy & Kristofersson, 2007). Figure 74. The maximum sustainable yield and actual catch of mackerel, 1992-2006. Source: Marine fisheries resource management potential for mackerel fisheries of Cambodia (Puthy & Kristofersson, 2007). 108 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 5.3. Indonesia 5.3.1. Existing Assessment In 2011 and 2013, a regular data collection through in-house research on enumeration program was carried out to get a quick result to estimate the pelagic fish biomass. Surplus production models were applied to estimate the stock status in all 11 FMAs (Research Institute for Marine Fisheries, 2013; Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, 2011; Suwarso & Duto, n.d.). Next, recently in May 2016, an acoustic survey was conducted to assess the status of the pelagic fish resource in FMA 711 using research vessel MV.Madidihang 02 that was equipped with portable scientific echosounder SIMRAD EK 80 with a side mounted transducer. Raw data of acoustic was collected within 30 days from 42 stations, covered from 5 to 150 m depth (Figure 75) which were then analyzed by SONAR software version 5. These analyzed data then coupled with length-data from the land-based survey to estimate the pelagic fish stock. Figure 75. Cruise tracks of hydro-acoustic survey in the FMA 711, SCS in 2016. Source: Small Pelagic Purse Seine Fisheries Status in Natuna Sea and Adjacent Waters (Suwarso, Imron, Duto & Asep, 2018). 109 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center 5.3.2. Biomass and Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) In the past, using the annual statistical data from 1997 to 2007, the MSY of small pelagic group in Java Sea was estimated about 380,000 MT with the optimum effort was estimated to be 12,165 units of PS. Most of the fishing areas have been overexploited (Suwarso & Duto, n.d.). The results from ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 2011-2013 in-house study for SCS and ANS are listed in Table 48, shows the estimated MSY for large and small pelagic fish has reduced significantly in 2013 (Research Institute for Marine Fisheries, 2013; Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, 2011; Suwarso & Duto, n.d.). Table 48. The estimations of MSY of pelagic stock (non-tuna-fishes) through in-house study in 2011 and 2013. Area Year Large pelagic Small pelagic FMA 571 2011 28,000 147,000 2013 39,000 117,000 FMA 711 2011 66,000 622,000 2013 32,000 363,000 Source: A Brief Notes on Small Pelagic Fish Purse Seine Fishery in Malacca Strait and Natuna Sea (Duto, 2016): Indonesia Country Report (Suwarso & Duto, Indonesia Country Report, n.d.); Ministry Regulation No. PER 45/MEN/2011 On Estimation of Fish Stock in Indonesia FIsheries Management Zone (Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, 2011). In addition, Table 49 and Table 50 summarizes the estimation for the stock status of small pelagic fish from 2005-2014 in FMA 571 (ANS) and FMA 711 (SCS) respectively, in which small pelagic was heavily exploited since 2005 in FMA 571 (ANS), while overexploitation occured started in 2012 in FMA 711 (SCS) (Duto, 2016). The recent results from 2016 acoustic survey in FMA 711 (SCS) has estimated the biomass of small pelagic was 427,830 MT with the MSY was 213,915 MT/year (Table 51), and highest density of pelagic fish was found in depth 5 m to 25 m (Figure 76) although highest biomass was found in depth 25 m to 50 m (Table 51). 110 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Table 49. Estimated stock status for small pelagic group at FMA 571 (ANS). Small Pelagic 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Group ref Estimated MSY (x 103 MT) 79 Estimated TAC x 103 MT) 63 Current catch (x 103 MT) 109 115 1105 106 1,106 105 178 186 176 165 Estimated optimum effort 2,017 (unit) Estimated current standard effort 2,166 2,896 2,761 2,845 3,300 2,518 2,297 2,622 2,514 2,136 (unit) Estimated status 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.1 Source: A Brief Notes on Small Pelagic Fish Purse Seine Fishery in Malacca Strait and Natuna Sea (Duto, 2016); Indonesia Country Report (Suwarso & Duto, Indonesia Country Report, n.d.). Table 50. Estimated stock status of small pelagic group at FMA 711 (SCS). Small Pelagic Group 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 ref Estimated MSY (x 103 MT) 395 Estimated TAC x 103 MT) 316 Current catch (x 103 MT) 135 126 126 150 152 160 163 177 169 164 Estimated optimum effort 3,673 (unit) Estimated current standard effort 338 648 640 2,410 2,346 1,706 1,995 3,327 3,625 6,026 (unit) Estimated status 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.9 1.0 1.6 Source: A Brief Notes on Small Pelagic Fish Purse Seine Fishery in Malacca Strait and Natuna Sea (Duto, 2016); Indonesia Country Report (Suwarso & Duto, Indonesia Country Report, n.d.) 111 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Table 51. Biomass and MSY of pelagic stock in FMA 711 (SCS) by acoustic survey in 2016. Depth Strata Biomass (MT) MSY (MT/year) (m) Large Pelagic Small Pelagic Large Pelagic Small Pelagic 5-25 4,782 192,674 2,391 96,337 25-50 776,122 221,514 388,061 110,757 50-75 0 13,641 0.0 6,820 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 75-100 0 0.5 0.0 0.3 Sub Total 780,904 427,830 390,452 213,915 Total 1,329,870 664,935 Source: Small Pelagic Purse Seine Fisheries Status in Natuna Sea and Adjacent Waters (Suwarso, Imron, Duto & Asep, 2018). Figure 76. The horizontal distribution of pelagic fish density (fish/1000 m3) in 4 depth layers, 2016. Source: Small Pelagic Purse Seine Fisheries Status in Natuna Sea and Adjacent Waters (Suwarso, Imron, Duto & Asep, 2018). 112 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 5.4. Malaysia 5.4.1. Existing Assessment The pelagic stock assessment had been carried out few times in Malaysia waters. Some examples are the ‘Pelagic Stock Assessment by Hydroacoustic Method in the South China Sea 1995’ which covered ECPM area (Albert, et al., 1999), the ‘Stock Assessment by Hydro-Acoustic Method in the South China Sea Area II: Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei Darussalam’ in 1996 and 1997 (Hadil, et al., 1999), the ‘Pelagic Stock Assessment During North-East Monsoon in WCPM’ in 2006 (Raja Bidin, Sallehudin, & Osman, Pelagic Stock Assessment During North-East Monsoon in WCPM, 2006) and the ‘Pelagic fish stock assessment in ECPM’ in 2009 (Raja Bidin, 2009). The latest survey was the acoustic surveys in all different areas of Malaysian marine waters from 2013-2015, conducted by using research vessel KK Senangin II equipped with a scientific echo sounder Furuno FQ80-M system installed onboard. However, since the pelagic fish are not only caught by the PS, but also by other gears especially trawl, the MSY should therefore be calculated on the pelagic fish as a unit stock as a whole (Alias, n.d.). 5.4.2. Biomass and Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) The biomass of pelagic fish stock in WCPM in 1998 survey was estimated at 311,000 MT and MSY of 155,500 MT. Later on, the 2013 survey shows decrease in biomass to 235,438 MT and MSY to 112,684 MT (Abdul-Wahab & Sallehudin, n.d.). ECPM had estimated biomass of pelagic stock of 733, 000 MT and MSY of 366,50 MT in 1999, then decreased to 237,000 MT biomass pre monsoon 2013 and 202,000 MT biomass post monsoon 2014 as shown in the Figure 52 (Sallehudin, 2016; Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2015a). The estimated biomass of pelagic fish off coastal Sarawak waters in 1999 was 100,000 MT pre-northeast monsoon and 360,000 MT post-northeast monsoon, with estimated MSY of 83,000 MT using Cadima’s model (Hadil, et al., 1999). However, the 2013 survey shows biomass of 273,852 MT and MSY of 83,731 MT (Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2015a), while the 2015 survey shows biomass of 150,627 MT with MSY of 79,192 MT (Jamil, 2018). 113 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Table 52. The estimation on status of pelagic stock in Malaysia through acoustic surveys. Area Year Biomass (MT) Potential Yield (MT) ECPM 1999 733, 000 a 366,50 2013 518,209 b 237,490 2014 405,332 b 202,466 WCPM 1998 311,000 c 155,500 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 2013 235,438 b 112,683 Sarawak 2013 273,852 b 83,731 2015 150,627 d 79,192 West Coast of Sabah 2015 232,598 d 37,296 East Coast of Sabah 2015 154,490 d 21,231 Sources: a Multi-species fish stock assessment by acoustic method in the South China Sea Area I: Gulf of Thailand and east coast of Peninsular Malaysia (Albert, et al., 1999); b Current Status of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region (Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2015a); c Country Report: West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (Abdul-Wahab & Sallehudin, n.d.); d Pelagic Resources Survey in the EEZ of Malaysia (Jamil, et al., 2015) 5.5. Myanmar 5.5.1. Existing Assessment The research vessel Dr Fridtjof Nansen previously visited Myanmar in 1979, 1980, 2013, 2015, and recently in 2018, primarily to measure fish resources at the start and end of the monsoon season. These voyages of marine research relied on simultaneous hydro-acoustic and trawl sampling (swept area method). Pelagic trawls are mainly targeted at dense pelagic fish schools, to investigate the catch composition. Demersal (or bottom) trawls also catch some pelagic fish, near the seafloor or in the water column while descending or ascending from the sea surface. Thus, trawl data from targeted trawls cannot be used for direct abundance estimation for this comparative study for management of PS fisheries. 5.5.2. Biomass and Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) The research findings from 2013 visit compared with the 1979 and 1980 visits, showed a significant decline of fish in the waters around the country, in which coastal fish stocks had decreased 75% in 2013. The 1979/80 survey estimated a total exploitable biomass of 1.8 million MT with a sustainable yield of 700, 000 MT. The standing stock in 2013 was possibly only 10% of the biomass in 1980. 114 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 In latest 2015 survey, the estimated total biomass was only about 500,000 MT (Leadbitter, 2017). However, note that the methodology used during 1979-1980 surveys was different from recent surveys, thus the estimations cannot be compared directly. Discussions between the EAF-Nansen survey team with Myanmar Fisheries Federation and the Myanmar Fisheries Department has associated the decreased biomass situation with the decreasing fish body size rates, declining catches and increasing fishing efforts. Figure 77 shows the acoustic distribution and abundance of two groups of pelagic fish in Rakhine coastal waters during 2013 survey. Fish likes Carangid and Scombrid were abundant in the Ayeyarwady Delta area and Rakhine coastal area (Table 53). Figure 77. Acoustic distribution and abundance of two groups of pelagic species along the Rakhine coastal, 2013. Source: Source: Cruise Report "Dr. Fridtjof Nansen" (Myanmar Ecosystem Survey) (Krakstad, et al., 2014). Table 53. Biomass estimates of pelagic fish during the 2013 survey. Region Pel 1- Clupeid and Pel 2- Carangid, Scombrid, Engraulid species Sphyraenid and Trichiurid species The Rakhine Coast 10,000 22,500 The Ayeyarwady Delta 18,000 34,000 area The Tanintharyi coast 7,000 17,000 Total 35,000 73,500 Source: Cruise Report "Dr. Fridtjof Nansen" (Myanmar Ecosystem Survey) (Krakstad, et al., 2014). 115 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center 5.6. The Philippines 5.6.1. Existing Assessment It was reported that stock assessment program was halted in 1984 and restarted in 1997 at different ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 fishing grounds; however the data is still in process (Belga, n.d.). Under the National Stock Assesment Program (NSAP), the updated status of Philippine small pelagic fishes was estimated using 2015 length-frequency data where it recorded the Exploitation (E) values according to the fishing grounds. 5.6.2. Biomass and Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) Dalzell and Ganaden (1987) provided the estimated MSY of 550,000 MT for the small pelagic resources during the mid-1980. The MSY of 550,000 MT, when combined with MSY estimate of about 250,000 MT for lightly fished small pelagic resources in the late 1980’s (i.e., southern parts of Mindanao, western Palawan waters, parts of the country’s Pacific Coast), equals a countrywide MSY of about 800,000 MT (Dalzell & Ganaden, 1987). Subsequent refinements of the assessment essentially yielded the same result, as shown in Figure 78, that stated the MSY for small pelagic in Philippines in 1996 which was 0.55 million MT indicated the biomass in the Philippines water was abundant (Dalzell, Adams, & Polunin, 1996). However, comparison with a recent production was needed since it indicated the occurrence of biological and economic overfishing, particularly in inshore and traditional fishing grounds. Report summarized from 2015 NSAP length-frequency data using the Exploitation grades (E) showed no fishing ground had mean E values less than 4, majority fishing ground in Philippines had Mean E values exceeded the Limit Preference Point (Figure 79), signified the biomass had been reduced significantly. Species-specific assessment of small pelagic fishes had resulted in very high exploitation ratios. Overfishing is, by far, primary problem facing by small pelagic fisheries in which the resources have been biologically and economically exploited beyond the level the resources can sustain. 116 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Figure 78. The MSY for pelagic species in The Philippines,1996. Source: Coastal Fisheries in the Pacific Islands (Dalzell, Adams, & Polunin, 1996). Figure 79. Status of Philippine small pelagic fishes by fishing ground based on Exploitation (E) values using NSAP length-frequency data in 2015. Source: Country Presentation on Purse Seine Management in the Philippines (Romero & Lopez, 2018). 117 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center 5.7. Thailand 5.7.1. Existing Assessment The MSY assessment aims to estimate the biological reference point at which stocks can be ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 harvested without any negative effect on resources and equilibrium with the production of nature in Thai waters. The MSY for the Gulf of Thailand (SCS) and the ANS was estimated by using the Fox surplus production model (Fox, 1970). This model requires statistical data and information on catch, CPUE and effort data of all fishing operations, particularly small-scale fishing gears and large-scale fishing gears of demersal fish, pelagic fishes and anchovies. The equilibrium yield is given by: Where is f as fishing effort (hours), c and d are constants obtained by fitting a linear regression. MSY = - (1/d)ec-1 FMSY = -1/d Fishing effort estimates were based on the fishing vessel survey carried out in June and July 2015. A total number of 45,805 fishing vessels were found in the survey, but only 42,512 active vessels that operate in Thai waters were used for the MSY assessment (DOF and CCIF, 2016). 5.7.2. Biomass and Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) Previously, in 2013, the DOF has reported overfishing for most of the pelagic fish in Thai waters (Table 54). The hardtail scad (M. cordyla) had input fishing effort that was over 60% of the optimum fishing effort in the ANS. The level of exploitation for goldstripe sardine (S. gibbosa) at GOT (SCS) and ANS was under the optimum MSY level in 2013. However, the recent data showed that actual catch did not reach the overall MSY of pelagic fishes and anchovies. Table 55 and Table 56 presents the MSY of pelagic fishes and anchovies for all fishing gears in Thai waters for 2017 and 2018 respectively. The MSY for pelagic and anchovies in GOT (SCS) and ANS in 2018 was higher than 2017. The actual catch in both areas were also 118 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 managed to be reduce drastically in 2018, except pelagic fishes in ANS that recorded increasing amount of catch in 2018 and exceeded its MSY value. Table 54. Status of pelagic fish stocks in Thai waters, 2013. Scientific name Fish name Status *(%) ANS GoT Enrasicholina devisi, E. punctifer & E. heteroloba Anchovies (−20) ND Rastrelliger kanagurta Indian mackerel (−30) (−10) Selaroides leptolepis Yellowstripe scad (−30) ND Decapterus maruadsi Round scad (−30) ND Megalaspis cordyla Hardtail scad (−60) (−50) Selar crumenophthalmus Bigeye scad (−30) ND Sardinella gibbosa Sardine (+40) (+20) Loligo chinensis & L. duvaucelli Squids (−25) (−15) Notes: ND = No available data; the negative symbol (−) indicates the percentage of input fishing effort over the optimum fishing effort for the MSY; the positive symbol (+) indicates the percentage of input fishing effort under the optimum fishing effort for the MSY. Source: Current Status of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region (Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2015a); Purse Seine Fishery in Thailand (Panjarat & Saikliang, n.d.). Table 55. Maximum sustainable yield of pelagic fishes and anchovies for all fishing gears in Thai waters, 2017. Fish group Fishing area MSY (MT) Actual catch (MT) Actual catch/MSY Pelagic fishes GOT 248,176 245,986 0.99 ANS 118,477 99,039 0.84 All 366,653 345,025 0.94 Anchovies GOT 191,785 183,216 0.96 ANS 32,944 33,903 1.03 All 224,729 217,119 0.97 Source: Country Presentation: Purse Seine Fisheries in Thailand (Chumchuen, 2018); Marine Fisheries Management Plan of Thailand - A National Policy for Marine Fisheries 2015-2019 (Department of Fisheries Thailand, 2015). Table 56. Maximum sustainable yield of pelagic fishes and anchovies for all fishing gears in Thai waters, 2018. Fish group Fishing area MSY (MT) Actual catch (MT) Actual catch/MSY Pelagic fishes GOT 250,739 199,507 0.80 ANS 118,755 121,400 1.02 All 369,494 320,907 0.87 Anchovies GOT 201,564 108,212 0.54 ANS 33,294 13,570 0.41 All 234,758 121,782 0.52 Source: Country report on purse seine fisheries in Thailand (Chumchuen & Noranarttragoon, Country report on purse seine fisheries in Thailand, 2019); Estimation of maximum sustainable yield (MSY) 2017 and status of fishery resources utilization in Thai waters (Marine Fisheries Reserach and Development Division (MFRDD), 2018) 119 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center 5.8. Viet Nam 5.8.1. Existing Assessment A collaborative hydroacoustic survey between the Research Institute of Marine Products (RIMP), ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Viet Nam and the Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department (MFRDMD) of SEAFDEC was carried out in Viet Nam waters from 29 April to 29 May1999. Survey was conducted by using the scientific echo sounder, FQ70 installed on board of MV SEAFDEC (Raja Bidin, et al., 2001). Next, Viet Nam conducted an acoustic survey on small pelagic fish from 2012 to 2013 (Nghia, n.d.). In addition, recently, a comprehensive survey was carried out in 2011-2015 in the marine waters of Viet Nam to assess three main groups of fishery resources, which were small pelagic fish, demersal fish and oceanic pelagic fish (Nghia, Project Completion Report I.9, “Overall assessment of current status and fluctuations of marine resources in Vietnamese Sea”, 2017). 5.8.2. Biomass and Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) Pelagic biomass in Vietnamese waters in 1999 was estimated at 9.26 million MT with the average density of 15.93 MT/km2. The estimation was based on the dominant species of Japanese scad (D. maruadsi) (Raja Bidin, et al., 2001). Furthermore, the 2012-2013 acoustic survey found that anchovy was the most dominant species in south area with scads dominated the north area. The anchovy groups migrated toward northern area during the northeast monsoon (Nghia, n.d.). From the 2011-2015 survey, the estimated standing biomass of marine fisheries resources in the whole Viet Nam marine water was at 4.36 million MT, where the small pelagic was around 2.650 million MT. The Southeast water has the highest estimated biomass of small pelagics, which was around 900,000 MT (Table 57). In comparison to the 2000-2005 data, the 2011-2015 biomass of small pelagics showed an increasing of more 200,000 MT in each area, except for Southwest water that had decreased in biomass by 45 % from 945,400 MT to 510,500 MT (Tuyen, 2018). 120 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Table 57. The estimated small pelagic fish stock in Viet Nam, 2011-2015. Area 2011-2015 2000-2005 Biomass MSY Biomass Gulf Tonkin 626,000 375,600 433,100 Central water 616,400 369,900 595,500 Southeast 891,500 534,900 770,800 Southwest 510,500 306,300 945,400 Total 2,644,400 1,586,700 2,744,800 Source: The Purse Seine Fisheries in Viet Nam (Tuyen, 2018); Project Completion Report I.9, “Overall assessment of current status and fluctuations of marine resources in Vietnamese Sea” (Nghia, 2017). 121 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center 6. Synthesis for Catch and Effort Information Initially, this project intended to collect three decades of catch and effort information for PS from the AMSs. Nevertheless, there were some issues on the reliability of the compiled data because some countries were not able to fulfill all of the parameters requested, especially on the number of ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 vessels for fish purse seine and anchovy purse seine. Thus, data analysis for catch and effort information only included available data from 1996 to 2015 (two decades). 6.1. Trend of landings by purse seine Table 58. The landing of capture fisheries by purse seine in Southeast Asian region, 1996-2015. Landing (MT) South China Sea (SCS) Andaman Sea (ANS) Year 1996 74 61,223 119,941 410,693 591,931 88,620 58,436 171,806 318,862 1997 59,055 140,077 34,400 388,009 621,541 88,345 58,152 164,701 311,198 1998 58,764 147,423 1,233 360,118 567,538 86,364 78,498 170,879 335,741 1999 63,888 189,314 39,954 363,236 656,392 86,042 81,075 168,971 336,088 2000 67,457 210,216 43,193 363,900 322,389 1,007,155 94,152 55,223 184,129 333,504 2001 124 57,916 205,768 44,965 352,789 330,435 991,997 96,570 54,861 173,533 324,964 2002 311 61,554 218,170 353,724 222,638 856,397 84,607 84,854 174,243 343,704 2003 326 62,558 178,751 397,276 278,622 917,533 95,056 91,276 155,265 341,597 2004 511 80,018 163,146 412,411 245,187 901,273 60,973 114,263 161,510 336,746 2005 1,186 73,764 167,560 2,400 407,296 101,532 753,738 61,049 128,180 181,798 371,027 2006 1,069 66,369 188,085 1,040 359,983 257,453 873,999 70,175 143,428 7,092 166,986 387,681 2007 1,113 592 75,940 169,754 328,305 149,100 724,804 68,237 175,522 7,707 149,105 400,571 2008 901 260 86,731 209,316 334,070 178,700 809,978 65,872 180,580 16,224 145,988 408,664 2009 895 270 106,280 181,952 22,400 333,466 191,300 836,563 65,690 176,884 137,887 153,467 533,928 2010 908 95,346 179,911 341,274 212,000 829,439 69,522 191,667 72,124 162,512 495,825 2011 986 53,897 184,190 39,400 353,161 237,000 868,633 91,279 149,271 51,978 148,771 441,299 2012 1,095 128,576 189,790 284,867 352,314 215,200 1,171,842 98,824 149,237 27,580 150,517 426,158 2013 1,049 47,991 208,005 445,811 369,431 226,900 1,299,186 101,136 135,471 16,132 133,017 385,756 2014 1,032 56,128 201,880 51,552 391,653 256,200 958,444 96,191 140,946 185,583 142,593 565,313 2015 949 279,218 13,367 347,960 434,200 1,075,695 140,735 10,892 134,203 285,830 122 Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia The Philippines Thailand Viet Nam TOTAL SCS Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Thailand TOTAL ANS Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Table 58 shows that in general, there was an increase in total marine catch over two decades although some decrease in amount was reported that might be due to no data from some countries during those particular years. Nevertheless, in 2009 where data from all AMSs were available, Thailand recorded the highest landing by PS with a total catch of 486,933 MT (sum of landings from SCS and ANS), followed by Malaysia with 358,836 MT and Indonesia with 171,970 MT. I) South China Sea Figure 80 shows inter-annual variation of landing for seven AMSs in SCS ecosystem from 1996 to 2015. Over the years, the landings revealed fluctuating trends, with increasing pattern for Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia and Vietnam while Thailand showed relatively a linear pattern. A sharp rise observed in Indonesia and the Philippines from 2010 to 2012. BRUNEI DARUSSALAM CAMBODIA 1,500 800 600 1,000 400 500 200 0 0 INDONESIA_SCS MALAYSIA_SCS 150,000 300,000 100,000 200,000 50,000 100,000 0 0 THAILAND_SCS THE PHILIPPINES 600,000 600,000 400,000 400,000 200,000 200,000 0 0 123 Landing (MT) 1996 1996 1996 1998 1998 1998 2000 2000 2000 2002 2002 2002 2004 2004 2004 2006 2006 2006 2008 2008 2008 2010 2010 2010 2012 2012 2012 2014 2014 2014 Landing (MT) 1996 1996 1996 1998 1998 1998 2000 2000 2000 2002 2002 2002 2004 2004 2004 2006 2006 2006 2008 2008 2008 2010 2010 2010 2012 2012 2012 2014 2014 2014 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center VIET NAM 600000 400000 200000 0 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Figure 80. Inter-annual variation of landing (MT) for seven AMSs in the SCS ecosystem. II) Andaman Sea Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand show a fluctuating trend with only slight changes over the year. Unlike those, Myanmar had two peak of landings which were in 2009 and 2014 (Figure 81). INDONESIA_ANS MYANMAR 150,000 200000 150000 100,000 100000 50,000 50000 0 0 MALAYSIA_ANS THAILAND_ANS 300,000 200,000 150,000 200,000 100,000 100,000 50,000 0 0 Figure 81. Inter-annual variation of landing (MT) for four AMSs in the ANS ecosystem. 6.2. Trend of fishing effort by unit (no. of vessel) Table 59 shows the trends for number of PS vessel (unit) from 1996 to 2015. In general, the trend was increasing although some years had a decrease from previous year, for example in 2011. Started from one (1) unit in 1996, Brunei Darussalam had increased the vessels to 14 units in 2013. The opposite trend observed in Cambodia where the 16 units in 1996 was reduced to only one (1) unit registered in 2014. The PS units increased drastically in some countries in SCS region especially 124 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 1996 2010 2010 1998 2012 2012 2000 2014 2014 2002 2004 2006 2008 1996 1996 2010 1998 1998 2000 2012 2000 2002 2014 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 2010 2010 2012 2012 2014 2014 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Indonesia, and noticeably the ANS ecosystem off Indonesia was steadily had more than 1,500 units of PS vessels every year. Table 59. The number of PS vessels (unit) in Southeast Asian region, 1996-2015. Year Number of Vessels (unit) South China Sea (SCS) Andaman Sea (ANS) 1996 1 16 47 726 1,077 1,867 1,558 276 250 2,084 1997 15 58 689 18 1,157 1,937 1,811 270 345 2,426 1998 15 66 602 2 1,064 1,749 2,003 288 225 2,516 1999 8 64 736 17 1,134 1,959 1,918 309 420 2,647 2000 10 110 767 15 1,178 2,080 2,131 311 326 2,768 2001 2 14 110 734 24 1,039 1,923 2,198 306 410 2,914 2002 6 10 96 755 1,239 2,106 1,570 316 447 2,333 2003 6 12 81 747 1,295 2,141 2,942 312 342 3,596 2004 7 10 181 722 1,298 2,218 2,262 305 401 2,968 2005 8 10 222 734 1 1,210 2,185 1,519 320 335 2,174 2006 9 6 426 744 1 1,169 2,355 2,031 371 368 321 3,091 2007 9 4 421 766 1,162 2,362 1,936 374 367 279 2,956 2008 9 1 1,585 861 1,170 6,033 9,659 1,995 397 527 304 3,223 2009 10 1 1,543 834 6 1,120 7,155 10,669 2,314 413 532 364 3,623 2010 8 4 1,122 837 1,223 8,348 11,542 1,766 420 536 405 3,127 2011 13 1 1,312 795 4 1,135 5,261 8,521 1,611 440 545 363 2,959 2012 12 1 2,188 812 268 1,148 5,123 9,552 1,839 441 639 443 3,362 2013 14 2,383 801 930 1,175 4,726 10,029 1,763 443 640 373 3,219 2014 13 3,963 791 11 1,296 4,696 10,770 1,498 416 647 417 2,978 2015 9 800 23 1,297 4,992 7,121 394 580 431 1,405 I) South China Sea Figure 82 shows the inter-annual variation for number of PS vessels (unit) for seven (7) AMSs in the SCS ecosystem. The trends were increasing for Brunei Darussalam and Indonesia, almost linear for Malaysia and Thailand as well as decreased for Cambodia and Viet Nam. The Philippines revealed one peak, which was in 2013. 125 Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia The Philippines Thailand Viet Nam TOTAL SCS Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Thailand TOTAL ANS SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center BRUNEI DARUSSALAM CAMBODIA 15 20 15 10 10 5 5 0 0 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 INDONESIA_SCS MALAYSIA_SCS 6,000 1,000 4,000 500 2,000 0 0 THE PHILIPPINES THAILAND_SCS 1000 1,500 1,000 500 500 0 0 VIET NAM 10000 5000 0 Figure 82. Inter-annual variation for no. of PS vessels (unit) for seven AMSs in the SCS ecosystem. 126 No. of Vessels (unit) 1996 1996 1996 1998 1998 1998 2000 2000 2000 2002 2002 2002 2004 2004 2004 2006 2006 2006 1996 2008 2008 2008 1998 2010 2010 2010 2000 2012 2012 2012 2002 2014 2014 2014 2004 2006 2008 1996 1996 1996 2010 1998 1998 1998 2012 2000 2000 2000 2014 2002 2002 2002 2004 2004 2004 2006 2006 2006 2008 2008 2008 2010 2010 2010 2012 2012 2012 2014 2014 2014 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 II) Andaman Sea The number of registered PS vessels was fluctuated but increasing for all four AMSs in ANS over years, thus indicted that purse seine fisheries in ANS are in stable and dynamic phase (Figure 83). INDONESIA_ANS MYANMAR 4,000 800 3,000 600 2,000 400 1,000 200 0 0 MALAYSIA_ANS THAILAND_ANS 600 600 400 400 200 200 0 0 Figure 83. Inter-annual variation for no. of PS vessels (unit) for four AMSs in the ANS ecosystem. 6.3. Trend of fishing effort by trip Data of fishing effort by trip were only available for certain AMSs in SCS and ANS ecosytems. Malaysia and Thailand have quite extensive of two decades’ historical data from 1996 until 2016 in both ecosystems. However, Brunei Darussalam is lacking data in 1997 to 2000, and their number of trips per year is noticeably very low compared to other AMSs. The large difference of number of trips between Brunei Darussalam and other AMSs is due to the fact that Brunei Darussalam mainly focused on small scale fisheries. In case of Indonesia, historical data is available only from 2005 until 2014 in both ecosystems (Table 60). The highest number of PS trips recorded in Brunei Darussalam was 1,507 trips in 2012 whereas Indonesia (SCS) recorded 89,562 trips in 2014. Thailand, on the other hand, experienced big drop of number of PS trips after 2011 in both SCS and ANS where purse seiners stayed in the sea longer by increasing fishing days per trip, due to the increasing of fuel cost and the development fish well onboard. 127 No. of vessels (unit) 1996 1998 1996 2000 1998 2002 2000 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 2010 2010 2012 2012 2014 2014 no. of vessels (unit) 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 2010 2010 2012 2012 2014 2014 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Table 60. Available historical data for fishing effort by trips in the SCS and ANS ecosystems. Year TRIPS (trips) South China Sea (SCS) Andaman Sea (ANS) ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 1996 124 37,413 130,586 168,123 43,265 75,371 118,636 1997 39,572 139,059 178,631 45,441 79,472 124,913 1998 27,587 104,620 132,207 39,964 81,122 121,086 1999 39,083 96,342 135,425 33,491 74,982 108,473 2000 38,562 84,715 123,277 33,067 77,817 110,884 2001 169 38,983 84,067 123,219 37,706 76,773 114,479 2002 578 36,483 93,746 130,807 44,808 76,950 121,758 2003 857 34,876 119,399 155,132 42,054 81,268 123,322 2004 862 27,855 115,915 144,632 43,904 68,471 112,375 2005 1,071 9,384 28,028 119,676 158,159 137,813 45,918 90,423 274,154 2006 980 18,954 30,667 104,692 155,293 90,957 46,112 85,644 222,713 2007 964 19,524 25,868 94,549 140,905 85,751 50,653 66,704 203,108 2008 1,035 28,615 27,655 106,442 163,747 226,803 48,047 65,763 340,613 2009 1,048 43,048 21,583 105,420 171,099 193,400 42,203 68,144 303,747 2010 1,009 35,342 21,481 103,817 161,649 240,228 49,731 65,111 355,070 2011 1,263 47,866 18,988 121,425 189,542 190,642 45,031 61,964 297,637 2012 1,507 67,777 21,089 48,926 139,299 61,908 46,257 37,724 145,889 2013 1,134 81,137 20,478 46,956 149,705 70,057 43,775 34,434 148,266 2014 1,199 89,562 19,210 50,876 160,847 59,050 44,143 33,650 136,843 2015 758 15,109 71,754 87,621 37,924 59,138 97,062 * Data for Malaysia was compiled from ECPM only. I) South China Sea In general, the inter-annual variation number of trips for Brunei Darussalam and Indonesia show an increasing trend although in Brunei Darussalam, the number of trips decreased in recent years. In contrast, the number of trips in Malaysia and Thailand has decreased gradually over the years. Thailand especially experienced a sharp decrease in 2012 as indicated in the Figure 84. 128 Brunei Darussalam Indonesia Malaysia (ECPM) Thailand TOTAL SCS Indonesia Malaysia Thailand TOTAL ANS Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 BRUNEI DARUSSALAM INDONESIA_SCS 2,000 100000 1,500 1,000 50000 500 0 0 MALAYSIA_ECPM THAILAND_SCS 60,000 150,000 40,000 100,000 20,000 50,000 0 0 Figure 84. Inter-annual variation for trip (trips) of four AMSs in the SCS ecosystem. II) Andaman Sea Only Malaysia show stable trend over the years, meanwhile trend for number of trips in Indonesia and Thailand are highly fluctuated with decreasing trend. Note that Indonesia has insufficient data on number of PS trips before 2005 (Figure 85). INDONESIA_ANS MALAYSIA_ANS 300000 60,000 200000 40,000 100000 20,000 0 0 THAILAND_ANS 100,000 50,000 0 Figure 85. Inter-annual variation for trip (trips) of three AMSs in the ANS ecosystem. 129 1996 1996 1996 1998 1998 1998 2000 2000 2000 2002 2002 2002 2004 2004 2004 2006 2006 2006 1996 2008 2008 2008 1998 2010 2010 2010 2000 2012 2012 2012 2002 2014 2014 2014 2004 2006 2008 2010 1996 1996 1996 2012 1998 1998 1998 2014 2000 2000 2000 2002 2002 2002 2004 2004 2004 2006 2006 2006 2008 2008 2008 2010 2010 2010 2012 2012 2012 2014 2014 2014 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center 6.4. Trend of CPUE by country (trip) This section shows plots of CPUE index (C/F) against year for both SCS and ANS ecosystem. In this case catch (C), refers to the annual catch measured in units of MT and effort (F) refers to number of trips per year. Deciding which CPUE index to be used is considered as one of the important ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 aspects in this project’s component as it holds the key to the Production Model analysis, which is detailed in section 6.5. I) South China Sea Trend of CPUE by trip for Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand in the SCS ecosystem was revealed in Figure 86. Ten (10) years of historical data were used to determine trend of CPUE for Brunei Darussalam and Indonesia whereas longer period (20 years) was used for Malaysia and Thailand, according to data availability and reliability. Apparently, Brunei Darussalam had the most stable trend of CPUE. Malaysia and Thailand also showed stable trend of CPUE but drastically changed at latter years. Malaysia had a steep increase in 2015, thus analysis for Malaysia comprised data from 1996 until 2014 only, for more reliable result. In addition, a fluctuated trend of CPUE was observed for Thailand from 2011 until 2015. Indonesia, on the other hand, had decreasing CPUE over years despite of having high landings from PS vessels. 1500 BRUNEI DARUSSALAM 1.5 150,000 INDONESIA_SCS 10 8 1000 1 100,000 6 4 500 0.5 50,000 2 0 0 0 0 total catch/landings CPUE total catch/landings CPUE 250,000 MALAYSIA_ECPM 20 500,000 THAILAND_SCS 10 200,000 Omit data in 2015 due to steep increase 15 400,000 8 150,000 300,000 6 10 100,000 200,000 4 50,000 5 100,000 2 0 0 0 0 total catch/landings CPUE total catch/landings CPUE Figure 86. Trend of CPUE (by trip) for four AMSs in the SCS ecosystem. 130 Catch (MT) Catch (MT) 2005 1996 2006 1998 2007 2000 2008 2002 2009 2004 2010 2006 2011 2008 2012 2010 2013 2012 2014 2014 2015 CPUE (MT/trips) CPUE (MT/trips) Catch (MT) Catch (MT) 1996 2005 1998 2006 2000 2007 2002 2008 2004 2009 2006 2010 2008 2011 2010 2012 2012 2014 2013 2014 CPUE (MT/trips) CPUE (MT/trips) Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 II) Andaman Sea Figure 87 shows that the three AMSs in ANS had different time-setting of historical data. Trends of CPUE for Indonesia and Malaysia show that their data are unreliable to be used in subsequent analysis due to various reasons. In case of Indonesia, their data is insufficient and trend of CPUE is highly fluctuated throughout the ten years. As for Malaysia, trend of CPUE indicated that there is positive relationship between landings and CPUE, thus resulting in unreliable result for subsequent analysis. Hence, only Thailand is appropriate for further analysis as its trend of CPUE shows rather a stable pattern for most of the years. 300,000 INDONESIA_ANS Highly 10.0 250000 MALAYSIA_WCPM 5 fluctuated 8.0 200,000 trend and 200000 4 insufficent 6.0 150000 3 100,000 data 4.0 100000 Note: production model doesn't work 2 2.0 50000 (positive relationship between landings and CPUE) 1 0 0.0 0 0 total catch/landings CPUE total catch/landings CPUE 200000 THAILAND_ANS 6 150000 4 100000 2 50000 0 0 total catch/landings CPUE Figure 87. Trend of CPUE (by trip) for three AMSs in the ANS ecosystem. 131 Catch (MT) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Catch (mt) 2010 2011 2012 1996 2013 1998 2014 2000 2002 2004 CPUE (MT/trips) 2006 Catch (MT) 2008 2010 2012 2014 1996 1997 1998 CPUE (MT/trips) 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 CPUE (MT/trips) SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center 6.5. Production Model (Fox model and Schaefer model) Result of trend analysis of this project in section 6.1 till 6.4 was presented and discussed with the resource persons (RP). In the beginning of PM analysis, both Fox model (1970) and Schaefer model (1954) were applied to the CPUE data (by trip) calculated by using the empirical formula stated in section 2.3.5 of Material and Methodology. The analysis revealed that the two models gave slightly ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 different results. Hence, only Fox model was chosen to illustrate the pelagic status in selected AMSs as its r2 values are more precise and it gives the best fit to the data when compared to the Schaefer model. 6.5.1. Analysis by Fox model Based on CPUE analysis in section 6.4, only Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia SCS, Malaysia (ECPM), Thailand (SCS and ANS) have fulfilled the required parameters of the PM analysis, whereby the analysis can be done only when the data is accurate, reliable and sufficient. Brunei Darussalam and Indonesia (SCS) have catch and effort data set of 2005-2015 and 2005-2014 respectively. Meanwhile Malaysia and Thailand have longer catch and effort data set, from 1996 to 2015. Results of the analysis were divided into SCS and ANS regions as shown in the Table 61 and Figure 88. From Fox model, we were able to estimate the MSY, and then could determine the level of effort MSY (fMSY). The illustrated Fox model showed that the current catches for all AMSs were still below the MSY level, except for Malaysia that had slightly exceeded the estimated MSY level in 2014. As per recommendation by Sparre and Venema (1992) the safe level of exploitation (target fishing effort, 0.8 fMSY) is 20% lower than the fishing effort that gives the MSY value. It was found that the current effort (F) for Thailand SCS was 71,754 trips, had reached the target effort level (0.8 fMSY) of 71,429 trips. On the other hand, the current effort levels for Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia (ECPM) and Thailand (ANS) were still below than the target effort (0.8 fMSY). In case of Indonesia SCS, the current effort (F) for Indonesia SCS in 2014, was 89,562 trips which had extremely exceeded the target effort level (0.8 fMSY) of 28,777 trips. However, the current catch (56,128 MT) was below the estimated MSY level (95,147 MT). 132 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Table 61. Estimation of the MSY and target fMSY by Fox model for four AMSs in the SCS and ANS. Country Ecosystem Year Current Current r2 MSY Target Deficit/ % Catch Effort, fMSY Surplus (MT) trips MSY fMSY 0.8 (MT) fMSY Brunei 2005- Darussalam SCS 2015 949 758 0.7061 1045 1319 1055 96 9.2 Indonesia SCS 2005- 56,128 89,562 2014 0.8641 95,147 35,971 28,777 39,019 41 Malaysia SCS 1996- (ECPM) 2014 134,979 19,210 0.5828 131,679 35,211 28,169 -3,300 -2.5 Thailand SCS 1996- 2015 347,960 71,754 0.8876 382,926 89,286 71,429 34,966 9.1 ANS 1996- 2015 134,203 59,138 0.8744 165,008 75,188 60,150 30,805 18.7 Note: *Target effort is much lower than current effort for ID_SCS. Yield Curve for Brunei Darussalam Yield Curve for Indonesia_SCS 1,200 (2005-2015) 140,000 (2005-2014) MSY: 1,045 MT 1,000 120,000 800 100,000 MSY: 95,147 MT 600 80,000 60,000 400 80% of Fmsy 40,000 200 Fmsy 20,000 0 0 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 No. of trips No. of trips Yield curve for Thailand_SCS Yield curve for Thailand_ANS 200,000 500,000 (1996-2015) (1996-2015) MSY: 3388322,,0,9972296 M MTT MSY: 165,008 MT 400,000 150,000 300,000 100,000 200,000 100,000 50,000 0 0 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 No. of trips No. of trips Yield curve for Malaysia_ECPM 200,000 (1996-2014) 150,000 MSY: 131,679 MT 100,000 50,000 0 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 No.of trips Figure 88. Fox Models illustrated by the pelagic fisheries off SCS and ANS for four AMSs. (Note: Dotted line shows 80% of Fmsy as recommended by Sparre and Venema, 1992). 133 Catch (MT) Catch (MT) Catch (MT) Catch (MT) Catch (MT) SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center 6.5.2. Discussion on results of the Production Model analysis Results from Fox models revealed that the current fishing effort (F, by trip) in Indonesia (SCS) had extremely exceeded the target fMSY level although the current catch was below the estimated MSY level (Table 61). It is assumed that the pelagic stock in that area has been overfished since long time ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 ago. It brings the concern that due to low productivity, pelagic stock in this area will collapsed in future if this trend of excessive fishing effort continues without any proper monitoring system by the Indonesia authorities. According to the RP, Prof. Dr. Matsuishi, the current situation of the stock for purse seine fishery in Indonesia is represented by orange line in Figure 89. If the effort by trip increases, the orange will become A1. Further increasing the effort, the line would become A2, and will eventually approach the Y axis. The biomass will become very low, due to the biomass will reduced each time effort is increased. However, different situation will occur when the effort is decreases. The green line shows where MSY and BMSY values are at the optimum level. In general, when the effort is decreased, the orange line will approach or even or lower the green line. During this time, the biomass value will recover and increase since the effort is reduced. Figure 89. The graph of Biomass vs Catch for situation of purse seine fishery in Indonesia SCS (Graph illustrated by Prof. Dr. Matsuishi). 134 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 The current effort for Thailand SCS and ANShad reached estimated fMSY level in 2015. However, Thailand authorities already implemented Marine Fisheries Management Plan (2015- 2019) which aimed to reduce the fishing capacity and fishing effort (Department of Fisheries Thailand, 2015). On the other hand, the estimated MSY and target fMSY level of Brunei Darussalam showed that her pelagic fishery resource is at sustainable level. The fisheries authorities in Brunei Darussalam may increase the fishing capacity and fishing effort to further exploit the pelagic stock. In the case of Malaysia (ECPM), her pelagic resource is fully exploited since estimated MSY level had been already reached in 2014. Malaysian authority is advised to not increase the current fishing effort. Instead, reducing the fishing effort and current catch is the best option for conservation purpose towards sustainable pelagic fishery. 6.6. Feedback Control (Rule 2-2) Due to the fact that several AMSs were unable to provide sufficient and reliable data needed to do analyses of PM Model and Feedback Control (Rule 2-1), the RP recommended to use of Rule 2-2 as it is more appropriate and complements the data scarcity condition for some AMSs. Rule 2-2 was used at country and ecosystem level, which elaborated in the section 6.6.1 and 6.6.2. 6.6.1. Analysis by country In the case of Indonesia (ANS) and Malaysia (ANS), only catch data were available and reliable, thus Rule 2-2 analyses were chosen as being more appropriate to examine their sustainability level. From the analyses, they showed that the current catches in Indonesia (ANS) and Malaysia (ANS) had already reached the estimated ABC level, indicating the pelagic stock in these areas have been well exploited over the years (Table 62 and Figure 90). Table 62. Estimation of ABC (MT) for Indonesia (ANS) and Malaysia (ANS) in the SEA region. Country Ecosystem Year Current Catch ABC Deficit/Surplus % (MT) (MT) Indonesia ANS 1996-2014 96,191 95,550 -641 -0.67 Malaysia ANS 1996-2015 140,735 142,067 1,332 0.94 135 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center INDONESIA_ANS (1996-2014) MALAYSIA_ANS (1996-2015) 150 250 C=140,735 MT C=96,191 MT 200 100 150 100 50 ABC: 95,550 MT 50 ABC: 142,067 MT ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 0 0 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 Catch Cuth Clth Catch Cuth Clth Figure 90. Feedback Control Analysis (Rule 2-2) for Indonesia (ANS) and Malaysia (ANS). Notes: C = current landing; Cuth = Catch Upper Threshold; Clth = Catch Lower Threshold 6.6.2. Analysis by ecosystem Feedback Control Analysis (Rule 2-2) by ecosystem were also done to estimate the ABC for whole SCS and ANS, as indicated in Table 63 and Figure 91. However, the analysis by ecosystem were only moderately analysed since several AMSs could not provide the relevant information. In the SCS, catch and effort data from four AMSs namely Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand were compiled and analysed as whole SCS. The estimated ABC for SCS was 645,413 MT, which is just 5,000 MT lower than the current catch in 2014, which was 650,692 MT. Likewise, analysis for the ANS counted in only three AMSs which were Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. Similar pattern was also observed for whole ANS as the estimated ABC, 375,054 MT is approximately 4,000 MT lower from its current catch of 379,730 MT. Hence, it can be assumed that the pelagic resources in both SCS and ANS are at sustainable level since the current catches were around the estimated ABC. Table 63. Estimation of ABC (MT) for SCS and ANS ecosystem. Ecosystem Year Country Current Catch ABC Deficit % (MT) (MT) SCS 1996-2014 BR, ID, MY, TH 650,692 645,413 -5,279 -0.8 ANS 1996-2014 ID, MY, TH 379,730 375,054 -4,676 -1.3 136 x 1,000mt x 1,000mt Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 SCS (BR, ID, MY, TH, 1996-2014) ANS (ID, MY, TH, 1996-2014) 600 500 C=379,730 MT C= 650,692 MT 400 400 300 200 200 ABC = 645,413 MT 100 ABC = 375,054 MT 0 0 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 Catch Cuth Clth Catch Cuth Clth Figure 91. Feedback Control Analysis (Rule 2-2) for SCS and ANS ecosystems. 6.6.3. Discussion on results of the Feedback Control analysis Through Feedback Control Analyses (Rule 2-2), the ABC value was calculated for the SCS and ANS ecosystem to predict a general overview of pelagic stock status in the SEA region. Nevertheless, data grouping according to the ecosystem might cause some uncertainties on data and process in this analysis. Thus, analysis at country level is ought to be more appropriate evaluation when proposing a management measure, especially in this project. The ABC values were estimated at country level only for Indonesia (ANS) and Malaysia (ANS) due to data scarcity condition. It is worth noting that these country analyses used data until 2014 and 2015 as the current catch, respectively. The results of the analyses showed that the pelagic stock in Indonesia (ANS) and Malaysia (ANS) had been well exploited, indicating that their resources are still sustained (Table 62 and Figure 90). Analyses at ecosystem level also showed that the current catch in 2014 already reached the estimated ABC for both SCS and ANS ecosystem (Table 63). Theoretically, it can be assumed that the pelagic resources in both SCS and ANS are still sustained. However, in reality, the accuracy of the analyses is questionable due to: i) biasness (the region was not represented by all AMSs); ii) high dispersion; and iii) uncertainties of data. Thus, this project could not provide comprehensive evidence to assist stakeholders in developing the fisheries management plan at ecosystem level. All these ABC analyses, at country and ecosystem level do not represent the present (2019) status of pelagic fish in the SEA region. The present status might be different from results of these analyses. 137 x 1,000mt X 1,000mt SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center 7. Management Measures for Purse Seine Fisheries In general, fisheries sustainability indicators would be used to reveal and monitor the conditions and trends in the fishery sector (Garcia, 1996) and could also referred as practical tool as stated by SEAFDEC (2006). There is mutual linkage between policy objectives and the selected indicators in ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 achieving sustainable development goals, thus it is important to choose the indicators that are more practical, easily understood and supported by the stakeholders (SEAFDEC, 2006). Recognizing the insufficient management measures for PS fisheries in the SEA region, there is a need to adopt stronger appropriate measures. In the process of adopting management measures for PS fisheries, the best scientific evidence available should be taken into account in order to evaluate the current state of the fishery resources and the possible impact of the proposed measures on the resources (SEAFDEC/MFRDMD, 2003). Hence, the AMSs should use the best scientific evidence available in the evaluation of the status and trend of fishery resources, that also included the up-to-date models as well as new indicators. For this project, MFRDMD only assists the AMSs by providing the scientific advices based on the results gathered from two analyses. Reference points for this project refer to the MSY and target fMSY from Production Model analysis, as well as the ABC value from Feedback Control analysis. The results of both analyses shall not be compared with each other due to different parameters used, thus scientific advices will be recommended independently. 7.1. Common constraints and issues There are few factors that influence the outcomes of this project. Since this project involves the historical catch and effort data involving PS fishing gear, therefore comprehensive and reliable data became the main factor in influencing the degree of analysis results. Besides that, some issues like changes of fishing gears in certain AMSs that occurred during the research duration also effected the analysis. 138 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 7.1.1. Constraints on data resource 1) Insufficient historical time-series data. Many data sent by representatives of AMSs during regional meetings, workshop and through emails were patchy and insufficient time series (catch and effort data). This has caused analysis on stock assessment could not be done for all AMSs. It was found that only Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand had the sufficient time series data needed to do the CPUE and Production Models analyses. 2) Data integrity (validity, reliability and accuracy). In some cases, the data submitted were questionable, thus bring the concern of data integrity. In certain cases, no response was given when a request for data verification was sent. The reliable catch and effort data are vital to be used in the stock assessment model. Due to unreliable statistical data and lack of accuracy, MFRDMD cannot determine the fishery sustainability indicators for all AMSs. 3) Data standardization. Some data sent was not in the format requested thus make difficult to analyze for all AMSs. Currently, AMSs used different types of unit effort which cause the data non-uniformity. 4) Statistical database system for catch and effort. AMSs are still struggling in building up fisheries management systems especially in pelagic fishery due to the nature of multi-species and multi-gear fisheries. The high catch of miscellaneous fish in the statistics reflects the problem to analyse the species composition in the catch. 7.1.2. Changes of major fishing gear Cambodia has changed from PS to gill nets in their small pelagic fisheries since 2013. This can be seen from Table 60 in which the number of PS vessels was gradually decreased from 2004 to only one (1) unit in 2008 onwards. Besides that, the Philippines too has focus on the use of ring nets instead of PS to exploit its small pelagic resource, thus explained the very few PS vessels in 2014 onwards, as indicated in Table 60. The change of major fishing gear during the project duration had caused the good historical PS catch and effort data for two decades could not be completed by aforestated countries. 139 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center 7.1.3. Multi-species situation in the SEA region The multispecies situation in pelagic fishery in SEA region has caused huge species aggregation on catch categories which lead to incapability of providing species-separated data. Multispecies fisheries are subject to widely distributed and homogenously mixed fish stocks which lead to non- ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 selective exploitation. Thus, the implementation of TAC for specific species in SEA region could not be possible. 7.2. Recommendations for purse seine fishery management 7.2.1. Scientific advices based on results from analyses The stock assessment analyses reveal that exploitation of pelagic resources by purse seiners in Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia and Thailand are already at sustainable level. According to the Fox models (6.5.1), only Brunei Darussalam can increase their catch and effort to achieve the estimated MSY. In the case of Malaysia (ECPM) and Thailand (SCS and ANS), the stakeholders are advised to maintain their current fishing effort in order to sustain the pelagic stocks. In contrast, the pelagic resources in Indonesia (SCS) is not at sustainable level, thus it is highly recommended for them to reduce their fishing effort as much as possible until become one third (1/3) of the current effort. Whilst, the Feedback Control analysis (6.6.1) indicated that currently the PS fishery of Malaysia (ANS) and Indonesia (ANS) are at sustainable level. Nevertheless, further exploitation of pelagic fish by purse seine is not recommended. Based on ecosystem, Feedback Control analyses (6.6.2) showed that the current landings in SCS and ANS ecosystems are almost equivalent to the estimated ABC levels. Thus, it is highly recommended not to increase fishing effort for both ecosystems but reduction in fishing effort is preferable. Every AMS should independently develop a special program to periodically monitor the performance of their PS vessels. The Production Model analysis aims to determine the optimum level of effort while Feedback Control analysis aims to creates the sustainable fishery. It is recommended to AMSs that have sufficient and reliable data to use Production Model for tock assessment, while for AMSs that have data scarcity situation, the use of Feedback Control method is acceptable. 140 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 7.2.2. Recommendations for data and information collection 1) Through this project, it is clear to all AMSs about the importance of reliable catch and effort data collection. Thus, it is recommended that all AMSs should improve their statistical data collection especially on catch and effort data. 2) AMSs should ensure that data collection is timely and accurately and in accordance to international standards and practices to enable sound statistical analyses. Such data should be updated regularly and verified through an appropriate system. 3) AMSs should consider sharing of the catch and effort data to all AMSs and other interested parties in accordance to the agreed procedures. 4) AMSs should consider the observer onboard program which is a requirement for traceability made by Regional Fisheries Management Organization (RFMO). This program will help to acquire more accurate and complete catch and effort data with catch composition, fishing gears and bycatch. 7.2.3. Recommendations for input controls (fishing capacity) 5) Enchance the licensing scheme. This involves the licensing of the fishers, fishing gear and fishing vessels. Though most AMSs already implemented the fisheries law or act or regulation that only fishing vessels with valid license are allowed to catch the fish. It is recommended that all categories of PS vessels including the small size PS vessel have to be licensed. 6) Control the number of PS vessels. Limit the number of fishing vessels will reduce fishing pressure. Control the number of PS vessels will indirectly control the number of fishers. Controlling number of fishers will produce an effective limited entry into the fishing industry. 7) Limit the size of PS vessels. This is closely related to the gear specification control, includes the limit on the PS vessel engine power. The maximum continuous engine power (MCEP) must be declared to the fisheries authority. 141 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center 8) Limit the allowable fishing days. Limit amount of time PS vessels are allowed to fish will help to reduce the catch. Usually the number of days allowed at sea is stipulated along with the TACs. However, the setback of limiting the fishing days is it does not take into account important factors such as the weather. In addition, limit the fishing effort during spawning season for targeted species can be done to ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 ensure the recruitment of fish. 7.2.4. Recommendations for output controls (catch) 9) Introduce the catch quota system. Control or limit the catch amount is an effective and efficient method for sustainable PS. The implementation of catch quota system through Total Allowable Catch (TAC) allocation is commonly applied, though facing many difficulties in implementing successful catch quota system. Individual quota (IQ) indicates a catch limit of quota is allocated to an individual fisher. Though, IQ is not yet implemented for PS in SEA region. 10) Improve the bycatch handling (non-target species). Although it is very small percentage of bycatch or non-target species that being caught in PS operation in SEA region, like dolphin, turtles, small whales, sharks and rays, for conservation purposes, it is important to improving the handling practices for all bycatch species caught during the operation in which all fishers are expected to take all reasonable steps to ensure that bycatch is returned to the water as quickly as possible and in a manner which does not reduce its chance of survival. The guideline of handling bycatch which was published by Bycatch Management Information System (BMIS) has include the safe release technique of turtles, sharks and rays (Workshop on WCPFC Bycatch Mitigation Problem-Solving, 2018). 7.2.5. Recommendations for technical controls 11) Use larger mesh size. Introducing a larger mesh size than existing mesh used for PS fishery is encouraged for the sake of pelagic fish rehabilitation by reducing the catches especially juveniles. The 25 mm (1 inch) mesh size is widely used in most of the AMSs although certain AMSs still use 18 mm mesh size. A bigger mesh size that is more than 25 mm is highly recommended for Fish Purse Seine. 142 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 12) Limit the length and depth of seine net. Limit on the length and the depth of the seine net will help to reduce the catch. 13) Register and control number of FADs. It is a requirement for the all owner of PS vessels to register their FADs. Although there has not been any evidence of major negative impact following the steady development of FAD- fishing, it has been associated with the high mortality of small pelagic and bycatch of undesired sensitive species such as sharks, turtles, and other fish species that can be discarded dead at sea (Amandè et al. 2010; Amandé et al., 2012; Hall and Roman, 2013). It makes sense to assume that the number of FADs is a basic component of the fishing gear, thus their reduction would ultimately result in reduced fishing mortality, especially the juveniles. 14) Control the total light intensity for spotlight. The use of artificial lights (e.g. metal halide, incandescent and LED lamps) has been found to be environmental-unfriendly due to catching of immature stocks. The total light intensity or lux should be limit at maximum of total watt is allowed, although it may differs depending on AMSs fisheries’s authorities. The light intensity also can be limit by controlling the horsepower allowed on the genset (generator set) used to generate electricity for spotlight. 15) Encourage establishment of a zoning system (with gear specification). Management of a zoning system should be based on the GRT of fishing vessels, engine power (horsepower, HP) of the vessels, type of fishing gears used and ownership patterns. AMSs like Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand that already implemented zoning system may have revised their zoning system from time to time according to their fishery situation. Meanwhile some AMSs which didn’t have zoning systems yet may refer to these countries as guidelines when introducing new zoning systems in their waters. 16) Identify and establish closed areas. AMSs are encouraged to identify some areas to be permanently or temporarily closed due to their critical importance to the life cycle of specific species including spawning, nursery grounds or areas of habitat required for the maintenance of brood stock. MPA and refugia are commonly introduced under closed area (SEAFDEC, 2006). Also, no take zone could be set in order to protect the adult or matured fish. 143 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center 17) Encourage AMSs to introduce a closed season for specific species. A closed season is referred as banning of fishing activity for a certain period of time, usually to protect juveniles or spawners. Spawning closures may be particularly relevant in over- exploited stocks where there is a risk that recruitment is impaired. Seasonal fishing closures were applied for commercially pelagic species like mackerels in Thailand, and sardines and ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 herrings in the Philippines. For stocks which there is no indication that recruitment is impaired, spawning closures may still be relevant to protect the older (and larger) individuals, protect spawning habitat structure, or prevent evolutionary change (Overzee and Rijnsdorp, 2014). 7.2.6. Recommendations for strengthening PS fisheries management 18) Review Legal Framework periodically. Recognizing the significance of managing the fisheries resources sustainably, Fisheries Act in each AMS should be reviewed periodically either once for every five or ten years as the fishery resources is rapidly changing, using the assistance from development and innovation of the modern fisheries technology nowadays. 19) Establish the Fisheries Management Plan (FMP) for PS fisheries. Results of this project could be used as the fundamentals and reference for AMSs in developing their FMPs for PS fishery. Each AMS holds its own responsibility in developing the FMP within the government’s authority. All stakeholders are involved during the whole process of developing the plan. It should be noted that developing the FMP is a complex process comprises of multiple aspects such as biological, economic, geo-politic and social aspects. 20) Strengthen the monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) activities among national enforcement agencies. Each AMS should establish its respective national fisheries MCS measures, including law enforcement, and where appropriate, other useful management measures like observer programs, inspection schemes and vessel monitoring systems (VMS). Such measures should be promoted and implemented by country or RFMOs in accordance with procedures agreed by stakeholders. For conversation and management of fisheries resource, AMSs need to ensure that effective legal and administrative framework is implemented at local and national level (SEAFDEC/MFRDMD, 2003). This will help in control and combat the overfishing situation for pelagic fisheries in the region. 144 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 21) Integrate the MCS networking among the AMSs within the same ecosystem The integrated MCS networking among countries that share the same ecosystems, i.e. the SCS ecosystem and the ANS ecosystem, will help to increase the efficiency of the MCS activities. The AMSs in the same ecosystem should use the same standard of procedures (SOP) in their MCS activities. 22) Assessment on PS fishing capacity. In practice, capacity is often expressed in terms of physical characteristic of fishing vessels (e.g. tonnage, power etc), in term of yield (catch) and in economic terms (e.g. capital costs). The assessment on PS fishing capacity will allow to check for the excess or overcapacity. Only very few countries in the world have undertaken a systematic assessment of their eventual fishing capacity, either by segments of the industry, by region or at national level (Dominique Gréboval, 1999). Each AMSs assess and revise its own PS fishing capacity respectively. 23) Control of fishing capacity. This plan can be accomplished by conducting moratorium (temporary ban) of new licenses for PS gears and vessels. It might be benefit to multi-species fishery, since it will reduce mortality among all species included in fishery. However, it has setback, for example, the existing fleets still can target the depleted stocks (Harlyan & Matsuishi, 2017). 24) Introduce the exit plan. An exit plan is aimed to prevent fishing capacity from increasing, in particular in contexts where conservation and management measures are not effective enough to regulate the use of fishing capacity through enforceable input (such as licenses) and output measures (such as quotas). This include the resettlement of surplus fishers into other economic sectors and the vessel buy-back scheme that has been implemented in Malaysia and Thailand. 25) Enhance the capacity building. Identify and train personnel including young researchers on analytical assessment of pelagic stocks. More training courses could be provided in national, regional and international level. 26) Encourage co-management involving coastal fishing communities. It is more applicable for AMSs to consider developing coastal fishing communities, like Japanese coastal fisheries (Fisheries Cooperative Association) and Malaysian fishery 145 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center volunteers (Sukarelawan Perikanan - SUPER). The fishing community consists of local fishers and supervised by the district authorities. The fishers are part of co-management, in which they govern their rights voluntary and self-imposed including conducting monitoring and sanction clauses. This might reduce the monitoring cost and strengthen community awareness to their fishery assets (Harlyan & Matsuishi, 2017). ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 146 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 GENETIC STUDY OF Amblygaster sirm INFERRED BY MITOCHONDRIAL DNA (mtDNA) IN SOUTH CHINA SEA AND ANDAMAN SEA Prepared by: Ms. Wahidah Mohd Arshaad* Ms. Noorul Azliana Jamaludin* Ms. Masazurah Ab Rahim Ms. Nur Ayuni Ariffin* Mr. Adam Luke Pugas* Ms. Nik Zuraini Nawawi @ Omar* Ms. Annie Nunis Billy Mr. Muhammad Taufik Mr. Achmad Zamroni* Ms. Noor Adelyna Mohammed Akib, Phd Mr. Danial Hariz Zainal Abidin Ms. Siti Azizah Mohd Nor, Phd *Analysis team for this component Corresponding author: Wahidah Mohd Arshaad SEAFDEC/MFRDMD, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia wahidah@seafdec.org.my 147 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ABSTRACT Amblygaster sirm or spotted sardinella is a marine pelagic species from family Clupeidae. It is one of the sardine species that have economic value to Southeast Asian region. However, limited population information of this species is available, though it is fished at both commercial and ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 artisanal scales at various intensities within its range and utilized for human consumption. In this study, tissue samples of 35 fishes of A. sirm from each site were collected from ten localities in the South China Sea (Muara, Brunei Darussalam; Kuching, Kuantan, Kudat, Malaysia; Songkhla, Thailand; Palawan, Zambales, The Philippines); two sites in Andaman Sea (Ranong, Thailand and Banda Aceh, Indonesia) and one site in Java Sea (Pekalongan, Indonesia). The partial mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Cytochrome b sequences (1016 bp) and Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (665 bp) were used in the analysis. A total of 356 (Cyt b) and 125 (COI) samples were sequenced and produced 202 and 78 haplotypes respectively. The haplotype diversity (hd) was high for all populations but the values of nucleotide diversity (π) were generally low for both markers. The results from this study revealed two highly genetic divergent stock; Ranong versus the rest of the populations. 148 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 1. Introduction The main target among fishery managers is to ensure sustainability of resources and avoid depletion of fisheries stock (Reiss et al., 2009) hence maximizes the economic returns to the people (Ward & Grewe, 1994). Defining the stock is very important in conservation as to avoid depletion of subpopulations due to overharvesting or overfishing activities in certain areas. Therefore, determination of fish stock assessment through genetic structure is fundamental for fisheries management (Reiss et al., 2009; Roldán et al., 2000; Bailey, 1997). Fisheries management is getting difficult due to over utilization of fish stocks, water pollutions and various human activities. According to Roldán et al. (2000), determination of population genetic structure is essential to underpin the resources recovery and to aid delineation and monitoring the population for fisheries management. Once the population genetic structure is determined, the identification of management units (MUs) can be conducted for some selected species. A stock is defined as “an intraspecific group of randomly mating individuals with temporal or spatial integrity” (Ihssen et al., 1981). Larkin (1981) defined a stock as "a population of organisms which share a common gene pool, is sufficiently discrete to warrant consideration as a self-perpetuating system which can be managed". In fisheries management, a unit of stock is normally regarded as a group of fish exploited in a specific area or by a specific method (Carvalho & Hauser, 1995). The general goals of population genetic studies are to characterize the extent of genetic variation within species and account for this variation (Weir, 1996). Population genetics is the study of genetic variation within populations, and involves the examination and modelling of changes in the frequencies of genes and alleles in populations over space and time. Genetic variation is the raw material in species and populations that enables them to adapt to the changes in their environment. New genetic variation arises in a population, from either spontaneous mutation of a gene, or by immigration from genetically different individuals. The number and relative abundance of alleles in a population is the measure for genetic variation (Ciftci & Okumus, 2002). Fish for human consumption is mostly obtained through exploitation of wild populations. Reduction in the genetic resources of wild fish populations, caused by various human activities, has become an important issue in fisheries management. Fishing can also alter genetic diversity within populations, moreover many thousands of species have been extirpated due to habitats destructions, 149 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center pollutions, overfishing exploitations and blockage of the migration routes (Ferguson, 1995). Water currents, different spawning and feeding grounds as well as fish behaviour may cause the invisible boundaries resulting in discrete structured populations that could be determined by mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA. Since 1980s, mtDNA has been a widely utilized marker in genetic ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 studies. The use of mtDNA marker than other markers for molecular diagnostic gives several advantageous characteristics such as ease to isolate, haploidy, maternally inherited and one-fourth the effective size compared to nuclear DNA, thus makes this marker easy to detect population differences (Park & Moran, 1994). The DNA in the mitochondrial (mtDNA) is evolving five to 10 times faster than the DNA in the nucleus (Kochzius, 2009; Brown et al., 1979). Moritz et al. (1987) also suggested this molecular DNA as one of the best macromolecules to be studied in evolution due to its of varying amount of divergence among mtDNA sequences. The widely studied mitochondrial gene are cytochrome b (Cyt b) and Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit I (COI) to determine the genetic structure of selected species. Genetic populations study on sardines species by using mtDNA were reported for Sardinella zunasi (Wang et al., 2008), Sardinella hualiensis (Willette et al., 2011), Sardinella tawilis (Quilang et al., 2011), Sardinella gibbosa (Thomas et al., 2014), Sardinella longiceps (Sukumaran et al., 2016) and Sardinella pilchardus (Jerome et al., 2003). The Philippines is among the most diverse countries for Sardinella biodiversity in the world followed by India (Willette et al., 2011). Amblygaster sirm (Walbaum, 1792) or spotted sardinella is a marine pelagic species from family Clupeidae that occurs widely across the Indo-Pacific from the eastern coast of Africa to Australia, Fiji and New Caledonia (www.fishbase.org & www.FAO.org). It occurs throughout the Southeast Asian (SEA) region except in the Strait of Malacca (Carpenter & Niem, 1999). It has slender body, somewhat cylindrical; rounded belly with 16-17 prepelvic and 13-15 postpelvic somewhat weak scutes. It has smooth opercle, without bony radiating striae. Its colour is dark blue- green dorsally, silvery ventrally and series of 10-20 blackish spots laterally on trunk; a clear feature that facilitate the identification of this species compare to the other sardine species. It is one of economically important sardine in SEA region. Sardines species are mainly school near the bottom of a lagoon during the day (Conand, 1988) then disperses into the mid and upper waters of the lagoon during the night to feed on copepods and other zoo- and phyto-planktons (myBIS). Maximum length for this species is 23 cm but it is commonly found at 20 cm of length. However, limited information of this species is available, though it is fished at both commercial and artisanal scales at various intensities within its range and utilized for human 150 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 consumption (www.iucnredlist.org). Given that this species is widely distributed with a geographic range that overlaps with existing marine protected areas, A. sirm is assessed as Least Concern in IUCN Red list. The objective of this study was to ascertain the genetic structure of A. sirm is exist in the South China Sea (SCS) and Andaman Sea (ANS) or there is just one panmictic population, using the mtDNA marker. 151 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center 2. Materials and Methodology 2.1. Tissue sample collection ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 There were nine sampling sites for the South China Sea and three for Andaman Sea as indicated Figure 92. No samples from Viet Nam due to unavailability of the sample during sampling period. Maximum 35 tissue samples (fin clip) of A. sirm (Figure 93) were collected from every sampling site. The tissue samples were collected by the technical officers of the respective countries following strictly same standard operating procedure supplied (Abu-Talib et al., 2013). Details of the tissue samples collected were shown in Table 64. A small amount of fin clip tissue sample was fixed in vials containing preservation buffer (70% ethanol). The collected tissues were sent to SEAFDEC/MFRDMD for further analysis. Figure 92. Sampling locations of Amblygaster sirm amplified for mtDNA gene analyzed in the present study. 152 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Figure 93. The spotted sardinella (Amblygaster sirm). Table 64. Sampling sites, sampling date, coordinates and number of specimens from Andaman Sea, South China Sea and Java Sea. Country Sampling Site Sampling Sampling Date Lat Long No. of Site Code Specimen Andaman Sea (ANS) Sub- Region Indonesia 1. Ban da Aceh SBA 25 Aug 2017 5°35’N, 95°18’E 35 Myanmar 2. Yan gon SMN 04 Nov 2014 18°27′ N, 94°20′ E 35 Thailand 3. Ran ong SRG 09 May 2015 9°56’N, 98°35’E 35 SRG 23 Sep 2016 9°56’N, 98°35’E 50 SRGM 26 Jun 2018 9°56’N, 98°35’E 50 South China Sea (SCS) and Gulf of Thailand (GOT) Sub-Region Brunei 4. Mu ara SBR 16 Jun 2015 5°1’N, 115°4’E 35 Cambodia 5. Siha noukville SSV 04 Jan 2016 10°37’N, 103°31’E 36 Malaysia 6. Kua ntan SKT 29 Jan 2015 3°51'N, 103°25'E 35 7. Kuc hing SKC 2016 1°35’N, 110°37’E 34 8. Kud at SKD 11 May 2015 6°52’N, 116°50’E 35 Philippines 9. Pala wan SPL 2015 9°52’N, 118°55’E 23 10. Zam bales SZB 2015 15°30’N, 119°58’E 24 Thailand 11. Son gkhla SSL 22 May 2015 12°14’N, 102°31’E 36 Out-group (Java Sea, JS) Indonesia 12. Pek alongan SPN 10 May - 10 Aug 2017 1°10’N, 108°58’E 35 Total 498 153 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center 2.2. DNA Extraction The genomic DNA from the collected tissue samples was isolated using MasterPureTM DNA Purification Kit (Epicentre, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol and stored at -20 ˚C until further use in Genetic Conservation Lab at SEAFDEC/MFRDMD, Kuala Terengganu, ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Malaysia. For samples from Banda Aceh and Pelakongan, Indonesia, the DNA extraction and further analyses were done in Lab Genetika at Research Institute for Marine Fisheries, Indonesia. 2.3. PCR analysis 2.3.1. Cytochrome b (Cyt b) Mitochondrial Cyt b gene was amplified by forward primer WMA15-F (5’ ACC GTT GTA ATT CAA CTA TAG AAA C 3’), whereas the reverse primer was TruCytb-R (5’ CCG ACT TCC GGA TTA CAA GAC CG 3’) by Jerome et al. (2003). PCR amplification was carried out in 25 µL containing 1 µL DNA template, 1 x MyTaqTM PreMix (Epicentre, USA) with PCR conditions of one cycle at 95 oC (15 secs), 35 cycles of 95 oC, (40 secs), 52 oC (40 secs), 72 oC (10 secs) and one cycle at 72 oC for 10 minutes. 2.3.2. Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit I (COI) The DNA template was PCR-amplified for the mitochondrial COI gene by primers NAJS17-F (5’ GTT CCT GAG CAG GGA TGG TA 3’) and NAJS17-R (5' GGG AGA TGA GTG ATC CAA TAG AGG 3') in total reaction 25 µL volumes containing 10-100 ng DNA template, 0.2 µm of each primer and 1x MyTaqTM PreMix (Epicentre, USA) with PCR conditions (touchdown) of 94 ˚C (3 mins), 7 cycles of of 94 oC, (30 secs), 59 oC* (30 secs), 72 oC (1 min). For annealing temperature (*) was gradually reduced 1 oC per every second of each cycle. The amplification was then continued with 25 cycles of (94 oC (30 secs); 55 oC (30 secs), 72 oC (1 min) and 72 oC (2 mins) and hold at 10 oC. 154 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 2.4. DNA Sequencing The quality of PCR products was visualized on 1.5% agarose gels stained with 1 to 3 μL of GelRedTM Nucleic Acid Gel Stain (Biotium Inc., USA). The non-purified PCR amplicons were sent to Repfon Technologies Sdn Bhd (Malaysia) for purification and DNA sequencing. 2.5. DNA Sequence Analysis Both forward and reverse Cyt b and COI sequences were edited in MEGA 6 (Tamura et al., 2013). The compiled sequences were aligned by ClustalW that was integrated within MEGA 6. The aligned sequences were translated into protein to ensure accurate alignment and detection of stop codons if present. The complete aligned dataset was then screened for nucleotide variable sites, parsimony informative sites, number of transitions and transversions and nucleotide frequencies in MEGA 6. The same software was used to estimate genetic diversity within and among populations based on a K2P model. Number of haplotypes and haplotype distributions for sampled populations were assessed and summarized using DnaSP 5.10 (Librado & Rozas, 2009). Genetic diversity was estimated using two estimators in Arlequin 3.1 (Excoffier et al., 2005) including; 1) haplotype diversity (hd) that measures the probability of uniqueness of a haplotype in a given population and 2) nucleotide diversity (π) which is the mean number of pairwise nucleotide differences among individuals in a sample. Both nucleotide and conventional FST distance measures were used to calculate within and among population diversity. Phylogenetic relationships among haplotypes were constructed using Neighbour-Joining (NJ) method in MEGA 6 with a confidence level assessed using 1000 bootstrap replications. To view the haplotype relationships, a phylogenetic network of all haplotypes was constructed based on median joining calculation in Minimum Spanning Network (MSN) (Bandelt et al., 1999). The genetic diversity that was included the gene diversity and the nucleotide diversity were retrieved in Arlequin 3.1. The genetic distance estimates within and between sampled populations were calculated using a Kimura 2 parameter distance method in MEGA 6. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was performed to estimate molecular variance among sampled populations using Arlequin 3.1. The AMOVA partitioned the total genetic variance into three measures of haplotypic diversity; FST describes variation between populations within total, FSC describes variation among populations within region and FCT describes variation among regions within total (Excoffier et al., 2005). 155 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Spatial structure was examined further using Spatial Analysis of Molecular Variance (SAMOVA) v.1.0 (Dupanloup et al., 2002) to identify groups of sample sites that were most similar and that was geographically meaningful. The SAMOVA uses the statistics derived from AMOVA and incorporated the geographical information on sampling sites with a simulated annealing approach to maximize the FCT among groups of populations as well as identifying possible genetic ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 barriers between them, without predefining populations (Dupanloup et al., 2002). 156 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 3. Results During the midway of the project, it was found that the Yangon and Sihanoukville samples were not A. sirm (misidentification), thus they were excluded from further analyses. 3.1. Data analysis from mtDNA Cytochrome b (Cyt b) 3.1.1. Nucleotide composition Data analysis of 1016 bp of the Cyt b gene obtained from 10 localities produced 356 sequences that defined 202 haplotypes. Of these, a total of 231 variable sites (22.7%) was identified and 135 (13.3%) were parsimony informative. The details of molecular index were shown in Table 65. The number of haplotypes and polymorphic nucleotides per site ranged from 15 to 30 and 17 to 78 respectively. Very high haplotype diversities (hd = 0.9092 to 0.9815) was observed. The nucleotide diversity was observed being lowest in Kudat (0.002382) and highest in Ranong (0.006858). 157 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 158 Table 65. Molecular diversity index generated by ARLERQUIN version 3.11. South China Sea Andaman Sea Java Sea SBR SKC SKT SKD SPL SZB SSL SRG SBA SPN N 34 34 35 35 21 24 34 69 35 35 Number of haplotypes, h 23 25 24 21 15 19 20 40 30 30 Number of polymorphic 35 37 29 25 17 24 28 78 38 44 sites Number of transitions 30 33 28 24 16 22 25 59 35 40 Number of transversions 5 4 2 1 1 5 3 22 4 5 Haplotype diversity (hd) 0.9447 0.9643 0.9445 0.9092 0.9190 0.9601 0.9305 0.9561 0.9815 0.9748 Nucleotide diversity () 0.003195 0.003630 0.002645 0.002382 0.002578 0.003370 0.002746 0.006858 0.003553 0.003997 158 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 3.1.2. Haplotype distribution A total of two hundred and two (202) haplotypes were detected from 356 samples amplified by mtDNA Cyt b gene, where thirty (30) were shared and one hundred and seventy-two (172) were unique or singleton. Six dominant haplotypes (Hap05, Hap06, Hap11, Hap23, Hap163 and Hap168) were detected. The distributions of shared haplotypes were shown in Table 66. The details of haplotypes were listed in Appendix VI. 159 15 9 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 160 Table 66. Distribution of shared haplotypes for 10 populations of A. sirm inferred from mtDNA Cyt b gene. The highlighted box are the major haplotypes. Haplotype South China Sea Andaman Sea Java Sea Total Haplotype frequency/ Total (%) SBR SKC SKT SKD SPL SZB SSL SRG SBA SPN Hap03 1 1 2 1.0 Hap05 2 1 1 2 2 2 10 5.0 Hap06 6 4 6 4 6 1 6 1 34 16.8 Hap11 6 5 6 10 2 5 7 5 6 52 25.7 Hap12 1 1 2 1.0 Hap16 1 1 2 1.0 Hap18 1 1 2 1.0 Hap23 1 3 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 16 7.9 Hap29 2 1 3 1.5 Hap52 1 1 2 1.0 Hap54 1 1 2 1.0 Hap65 1 1 2 1.0 Hap67 1 1 2 1.0 Hap91 2 2 1.0 Hap102 1 1 2 1.0 Hap128 1 1 2 1.0 Hap136 1 1 2 1.0 Hap139 2 1 3 1.5 Hap140 1 1 2 1.0 Hap163 12 12 5.9 Hap165 4 4 2.0 Hap168 7 7 3.5 Hap169 2 2 1.0 Hap170 2 2 1.0 Hap175 3 3 1.5 Hap179 2 2 1.0 Hap182 2 2 1.0 Hap186 2 2 1.0 Hap189 2 2 1.0 Hap190 2 2 1.0 160 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 3.1.3. Phylogeography and phylogenetic relationships The NJ tree revealed two clusters identified (Figure 94) from the regional sharing haplotype, which was clade A and B, and tree rooted by Genbank S. gibbosa (NC 037131.1) and S. longiceps (NC 033407.1), with the best fit model was K2P (Kimura 2-parameter) model obtained from MEGA 6 (Tamura et al., 2013; Nei & Kumar, 2000). The Minimum Spanning Network (MSN) yielded clearly two separated groups of 202 haplotypes produced (Figure 95). The further investigation showed that the haplotypes from Ranong was completely distinct with many mutational changes (52) from the observed network. Figure 94. Evolutionary history as inferred using Neighbor- Joining method (K2P distance) with 1000 bootstrap replicates between mtDNA Cyt b haplotypes in A. sirm rooted with Genbank Sardinella gibbosa (NC 037131.1) and Sardinella longiceps (NC 033407.1). The number of each node represented bootstrap proportions for NJ analysis. 161 16 1 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Figure 95. Minimum Spanning Network (MSN) inferred from mtDNA Cyt b gene. Coloured close circles represented different region (refer to the legend). 3.1.4. Genetic diversity within and among sites The genetic diversity was calculated to give a better explanation beside 3.1.2. The genetic diversity within populations ranged from 0.3% to 0.7%, with Ranong has the highest within- population genetic diversity (0.7%). Meanwhile, for among-population, genetic diversity ranged from 0.2% to 7.1%, with Ranong population was the most deviated from other populations. This supported and explained finding in 3.1.2. The Ranong population was the most divergent when compared to other populations ranging from 7.1% to 7.6%. Hence, if Ranong was excluded from the analysis, the genetic diversity ranged only from 0.2% to 0.4%. This clearly showed that the Ranong population from Northern ANS was the most divergent compared to other remaining sites (Table 67). 162 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Table 67. Genetic distance within population (highlighted cells) and among population of A. sirm inferred by mtDNA Cyt b. South China Sea Andaman Java Sea Sea SBR SKC SKT SKD SPL SZB SSL SRG SBA SPN SBR 0.003 SKC 0.003 0.003 SKT 0.003 0.003 0.003 SKD 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.003 SPL 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.003 0.003 SZB 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.006 SSL 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.003 0.003 SRG 0.070 0.070 0.070 0.070 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.007 SBA 0.003 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.071 0.004 SPN 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.003 0.071 0.004 0.004 3.1.5. Genetic differentiation Since there was a completely two genetic structure between Ranong (Northern ANS) with other populations, the FST analysis was used to detect the genetic differentiation between these two genetic structures. The FST value between South China Sea waters including Banda Acheh (southern ANS) and Pekalongan (Java Sea) vs Ranong (northern ANS) was ranged from 0.00076 to 0.91963. Likewise, the comparison between Ranong and other populations in the pairwise genetic differentiation was also significant. The population pairwise between population (FST) was shown in Table 68. This approved that there was a major genetic structure between Ranong population vs the remaining population with strong significant value from the analysis. 163 16 3 Java Andaman South China Sea Sea Sea SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 164 Table 68. Population pairwise (FST) based on Cyt b sequence (highlighted box indicates significant (p < 0.05) FST values). South China Sea Andaman Sea Java Sea SBR SKC SKT SKD SPL SZB SSL SRG SBA SPN SBR 0 SKC 0.00252 0 South China Sea SKT -0.00458 0.00214 0 SKD -0.00536 -0.00076 -0.01111 0 SPL 0.01784 0.00605 0.01678 0.03349 0 SZB -0.00275 -0.00656 0.00728 0.00591 0.02594 0 SSL -0.00247 0.01002 -0.0058 -0.01198 0.0456 0.00722 0 Andaman Sea SRG 0.91576 0.91298 0.91818 0.91963 0.91256 0.91119 0.91744 0 SBA 0.00981 -0.00868 0.00639 0.0111 0.00281 -0.00929 0.01618 0.91384 0 Java Sea SPN 0.02008 0.00117 0.01663 0.01625 0.03857 -0.00789 0.01364 0.91198 -0.00454 0 164 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 3.1.6. Assessment of population groups The AMOVA and SAMOVA were performed to identify the genetic groups of population. The AMOVA for all ten populations yielded a significant FST value of 0.84781 (p<0.001), indicating significant genetic division among these ten populations (Table 69). Samples were divided into two groups based on result genetic distance, and FST value (Table 67 and Table 68) (Ranong was isolated from other nine populations) revealed non-significant values of FCT. In addition, non-significant FST value is also observed when AMOVA was run using one group that excluded Ranong. The AMOVA analysis of two groups showed that the most of molecular variance was found among group variation (94.07%) and within populations was only 5.94%. While, if Ranong was excluded from the analysis, the most of molecular variance was change to within populations (99.41%) and the variation between populations was very low, less than 1% (0.59%). Table 69. The results of AMOVA testing genetic structuring based on Cyt b data. Source of variation df Sum of Variance Variation Fixation Probability Squares components (%) indices (1) One group Among 9 3480.86 10.95 Va 84.78 FST: populations 0.84781 <0.001 Within populations 346 680.15 1.97 Vb 15.22 (2) Two groups (Group 1: SBR, SKC, SKT, SKD, SPL, SZB, SSL, SBA & SPN) (Group 2 : SRG) Among populations 1 3465.72 31.14 Va 94.07 FCT: 0.94068 =0.09677 Among populations 8 15.14 -0.002 Vb -0.01 FSC: - 0.00117 =0.10753 within groups Within populations 346 680.15 1.97 Vc 5.94 FST: 0.94061 <0.001 (3) One group but without Ranong Among populations 8 17.14 0.01 Va 0.59 FST: 0.00585 =0.10362 Within populations 278 443.24 1.59 Vb 99.41 165 16 5 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Based on estimates of k = 2 to 6 in the SAMOVA analysis, each group represented a statistical discrete phylogeographic grouping (Table 70). However, k = 2 yielded the highest and non significant FCT value (FCT = 0.94079, p>0.05), indicated a very clear signal that there was two genetically different A. sirm stocks among the sampled populations namely Group 1: SBR, SKC, SKT, SKD, SPL, SZB, SSL, SBA & SPN and Group 2: SRG. ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Table 70. Population structured based on Cyt b differentiation in spatial analysis of molecular variance (SAMOVA). No. of Structure Variation FCT groups, k (%) 2 (SBR, SKC, SKT, SKD, SPL, SZB, SSL, SBA, 94.08 0.94079 SPN), (SRG) 3 (SBR, SKC, SKT, SKD, SZB, SSL, SBA, SPN), 92.55 0.92549* (SRG), (SPL) 4 (SBR, SKC, SKT, SKD, SSL, SBA, SPN), 90.99 0.90989* (SRG), (SPL), (SZB) 5 (SBR), (SKC, SKT, SKD, SSL, SBA, SPN), 89.17 0.89169* (SRG), (SPL), (SZB) 6 (SBR, SKC, SKT, SKD, SBA), (SPN), (SSL) 87.71 0.87710* (SRG), (SPL), (SZB) *p<0.05 3.2. Data analysis from mtDNA Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit I (COI) 3.2.1. Nucleotide composition To support result from 3.1, one hundred and twenty-five (125) fin clip samples from eight locations was used for further analysis with another mtDNA gene marker which was Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). The eight locations were Muara (SBR), Kuching (SKC), Kuantan (SKT), Kudat (SKD), Palawan (SPL), Zambales (SZB) and Songkhla (SSL) which representing the SCS sub-region, and Ranong (SRG) representing the ANS sub-region. Banda Acheh and Pekalongan were excluded for COI gene analysis. From these sequences, 665 bp of COI gene was found, which defined 78 haplotypes. A total of 93 variable sites (14%) was identified and 61 (9.2%) were parsimony informative. Molecular diversity index for these 125 sequences were shown in Table 71. 166 166 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 The number of haplotypes and polymorphic nucleotides per site ranged from 4 to 16, and 3 to 26 respectively. Similar to the result inferred by mtDNA Cyt b, a very high haplotype diversity (hd = 0.3956 to 0.9905) was observed while nucleotide diversity was very low (π =0.0006 to 0.0073). 3.2.2. Haplotype distribution A total of seventy-eight (78) haplotypes was detected from 125 samples amplified by mtDNA COI gene with twelve (12) were shared and sixty-six (66) were unique or singleton. Three dominant haplotypes were found for these 125 samples which were Hap12, Hap38 and Hap49. The distributions of shared haplotypes were shown in Table 72. The details of the haplotypes were listed in Appendix VII. 3.2.3. Phylogeography and phylogenetic relationships The NJ tree revealed that only one cluster was identified (Figure 96). However, there was a subclade consisted of haplotypes from Ranong only. The phylogenetic tree was rooted by Dussumieria elopsoides, S. gibbosa and S. aurita with the best fit model is K2P (Kimura 2- parameter) model obtained from MEGA 6 (Tamura et al., 2013; Nei & Kumar, 2000). The subsequent analysis using Minimum spanning network (MSN) yielded two separated groups of 78 haplotypes as shown in Figure 97. Based on these findings, haplotypes from Ranong are completely distinct with many mutational changes (31), similar to the result inferred by mtDNA Cyt b in 3.1.3 167 16 7 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 168 Table 71. Molecular diversity indexes generated by ARLERQUIN version 3.1. South China Sea Andaman Sea SBR SKC SKT SKD SPL SZB SSL SRG N 15 15 15 15 14 14 15 22 Number of haplotypes, h 14 14 8 10 4 12 6 16 Number of polymorphic sites 22 18 8 16 3 15 9 26 Number of transitions 16 11 5 12 2 6 5 21 Number of transversions 7 8 3 4 1 9 4 7 Haplotype diversity (hd) 0.9905 0.9905 0.8381 0.8571 0.3956 0.978 0.7048 0.9610 Nucleotide diversity () 0.0066 0.0051 0.0026 0.0034 0.0006 0.0064 0.0025 0.0073 Table 72. Distribution of shared haplotypes for 8 populations of A. sirm inferred from mtDNA COI gene. The highlighted box are the major haplotypes. South China Sea Andaman Sea Haplotype Total Haplotype frequency/ Total (%) SBR SKC SKT SKD SPL SZB SSL SRG Hap03 2 2 2.6 Hap12 1 2 6 9 11.5 Hap22 1 1 2 2.6 Hap37 2 2 2.6 Hap38 6 11 2 8 27 34.6 Hap40 2 2 2.6 Hap49 4 4 5.1 Hap53 2 2 2.6 Hap55 2 2 2.6 Hap58 3 3 3.8 Hap66 2 2 2.6 Hap77 2 2 2.6 168 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Figure 96. Evolutionary history as inferred using Neighbor-Joining method (K2P distance) with 1000 bootstrap replicates between mtDNA COI haplotypes in A. sirm rooted with Genbank Dussumieria elopsoides, Sardinella gibbosa and Sardinella aurita. The number of node represents bootstrap proportions for NJ analysis (nodes less than 50% are omitted). Figure 97. Minimum Spanning Network (MSN) inferred from mtDNA COI gene. Colored close circles represented different region (refer to the legend). 169 16 9 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center 3.2.4. Genetic diversity within and among sites The genetic distance within populations ranged from 0.1% to 0.7%, with Muara and Ranong had the highest within-population genetic distance (0.7%) while Palawan had lowest (0.1 %). Meanwhile, the among-population genetic distance was ranged from 0.2% to 5.6%, ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 with Ranong population was the most deviated from other populations. This support finding in 3.1.4. The Ranong population was the most divergent when compared to other populations ranging from 0.2% to 0.9%. This clearly showed that the Ranong population from Northern ANS was the most divergent (Table 73). 170 170 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 171 Table 73. Genetic distance within population and among population of A. sirm inferred by mtDNA COI. South China Sea Andaman Sea SBR SKC SKT SKD SPL SZB SSL SRG South China Sea SBR 0.007 SKC 0.006 0.005 SKT 0.007 0.007 0.003 SKD 0.005 0.004 0.006 0.003 SPL 0.006 0.006 0.002 0.005 0.001 SZB 0.009 0.009 0.006 0.008 0.005 0.006 SSL 0.007 0.007 0.003 0.006 0.002 0.006 0.003 Andaman Sea SRG 0.054 0.055 0.053 0.054 0.053 0.056 0.055 0.007 171 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Developmen t Center 3.2.5. Genetic differentiation The FST analysis was done to see the genetic differentiation in order to support finding in 3.1.5. From the analysis, it was completely showed that the FST value between South China Sea waters vs Ranong (northern Andaman Sea) was ranged from 0.0026 to 0.9092. However, ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 the results were significant (p<0.05) for most of the populations including the two genetic structure generated between the SCS populations and Ranong that represented the ANS. Therefore, it could be concluded that there was a genetic structure existed between these populations of A. sirm. The population pairwise between population (FST) were shown in Table 74. Table 74. Population pairwise (FST) based on COI sequence. (highlighted box indicates significant (p < 0.05) FST values). South China Sea Andaman Sea SBR SKC SKT SKD SPL SZB SSL SRG SBR 0.0000 SKC 0.0347 0.0000 SKT 0.2887 0.4059 0.0000 SKD 0.0640 0.0026 0.4893 0.0000 SPL 0.3322 0.4718 0.0543 0.5758 0.0000 SZB 0.2751 0.3235 0.2678 0.3982 0.3328 0.0000 SSL 0.2916 0.4127 0.0728 0.4884 0.0631 0.2692 0.0000 SRG 0.8661 0.8786 0.8973 0.8908 0.9092 0.8734 0.8973 0.0000 3.2.6. Assessment of population groups The AMOVA for all eight populations yielded a high FST value of 0.78818 (p < 0.001), indicating a significant genetic division among these eight populations. Non-significant value of FCT was observed when Ranong was excluded from other seven populations (0.87992, p>0.05) (Table 75). 172 Andaman South China Sea Sea Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Table 75. The results of AMOVA testing genetic structuring based on COI data. Source of variation df Sum of Variance Variation Fixation indices Probability Squares components (%) (1) One group Among populations 7 620.14 5.59 Va 78.82 FST: 0.78818 <0.001 Within populations 117 175.87 1.50 Vb 21.18 (2) Two groups (Group 1: SBR, SKC, SKT, SKD, SPL, SZB, SSL, SBA & SPN Group 2 : SRG) Among populations 1 561.59 15.13 Va 87.99 FCT: 0.87992 =0.1447 Among populations 6 58.55 0.56 Vb 3.26 FSC: 0.27183 <0.001 within groups Within populations 117 175.87 1.50 Vc 8.74 FST: 0.91256 <0.001 (3) One group but without Ranong Among populations 6 58.55 0.58 Va 30.69 FST: 0.30687 <0.001 Within populations 96 124.69 1.3 Vb 69.31 Based on estimates of k = 2 to 6 in the SAMOVA analysis, each group represented a statistical discreate phylogeographic grouping (Table 76). The results were consistent with the Cyt b analysis, in which k = 2 yielded the highest and non significant FCT value (FCT = 0.87598, p>0.05). It was clear signal that there was two genetically different A. sirm stocks among the sampled populations namely Group 1: SBR, SKC, SKT, SKD, SPL, SZB, SSL, SBA & SPN and Group 2: SRG. Table 76. Population structured based on COI differentiation in spatial analysis of molecular variance (SAMOVA). No. of Structure Variation FCT groups, k (%) 2 (SBR, SKC, SKT, SKD, SZB, SSL, SPN), (SRG) 87.60 0.87598 3 (SBR, SKC, SKT, SKD, SSL, SPN), (SRG), 82.62 0.82623* (SZB) 4 (SBR, SKC, SKD), (SKT, SSL, SPN), (SRG), 80.92 0.80922* (SZB) 5 (SBR, SKC), (SKD), (SKT, SSL, SPN), (SRG), 79.71 0.79713* (SZB) 6 (SBR, SKC, SKD), (SKT), (SSL), (SPN), (SRG), 78.43 0.78431* (SZB) *p<0.05 173 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Man agement Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center 4. Discussion In overall, a total of 498 samples was collected from 12 locations across Southeast Asia region. However, samples from Sihanoukville, Cambodia and Yangon, Myanmar were excluded, due to species misidentification. The sample collections from Ranong were done ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 thrice for validation purpose. In this study, mtDNA Cyt b and COI were used in the analyses. The haplotype diversity (hd) was high for all populations but the values of nucleotide diversity (π) were generally low for both markers. High haplotype diversity value should reduce the extinction risk for these populations (Frankham et al, 2002; McNeely et. al, 1990). This study revealed high hd and low π values for all populations that then categorized them in the second category, which indicated the rapid population growth and accumulation of mutations (Grant & Bowen, 1998). Genetic distance is a measure of the genetic divergence between species or between populations within a species. The greater the genetic distance between populations, the less breeding there is between them and the more isolated they are from one another. The lower the genetic distance between populations, the more breeding there is between them and the less isolated they are from one another. Based on the genetic distance analysis between Ranong and other populations, the value of more than 7% (Cyt b, Table 67) and 5% (COI, Table 74) strongly supported the existence of different taxon or sub-species of A. sirm of Ranong population. However, when Ranong was omitted from genetic distance analyses, the genetic diversity was ranged only from 0.2% to 0.4%. This clearly showed that the Ranong population from Northern ANS was the most divergent from other remaining sites. For Cyt b phylogenetic analysis, Clade A was composed of widely distributed populations throughout SCS, Java Sea and southern ANS, while Clade B geographically restricted to Ranong which situated at northern part of ANS. For COI phylogenetic analysis, it was observed that all haplotypes belong to a single clade, but a subclade was formed from Ranong samples. These clades showed a strong bootstrap value of 89%. 174 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 The assessment of populations group was performed using AMOVA and SAMOVA analyses. The AMOVA results showed high values of FST and FCT outcomes, indicated the presence of genetic structure among populations of A. sirm. The analyses of AMOVA and SAMOVA for both mtDNA markers revealed two groups of A. sirm; the first group was comprised all the South China Sea populations including Banda Aceh (southern Andaman Sea) and Pekalongan, Indonesia (Java Sea) versus a second group comprised of Ranong (northern Andaman Sea) alone. In general, the patterns found in the AMOVA and SAMOVA analyses were consistent with the phylogenetic trees of populations. In other words, it was discovered that A. sirm population in Ranong was either isolated from the other populations across the region, or it could possibly a cryptic species. According to Carpenter and Niem (1999), A. sirm is distributed throughout Southeast Asia region except on the Straits of Malacca waters. Among numerous definitions of the term ‘cryptic′ (hidden) species, the most widely accepted is that ‘two or more species are “cryptic” if they are, or have been, classified as a single nominal species because they are at least superficially morphologically indistinguishable′ (Bickford et al., 2007). Genetic diversity within a ‘species also implicates underappreciated mechanisms of morphologically static cladogenesis (i.e. diversification of new species without morphological change). One of most common assumptions is most cryptic species was resulted from speciation that happened so recently/newest that the morphological traits or other diagnosable features have yet not evolved. Although undoubtedly true for some taxa, the view on cryptic species was challenged by studies of bonefish (Colborn et al., 2001), amphipods (Lefebure et al., 2006), animal (Bannikova et al., 2019) and copepods (Rocha-Olivares et al., 2001) which showed apparently ancient divergences among cryptic species. The importance of identifying cryptic species complexes for conservation purpose should not be underestimated. The cryptic species requires a special consideration in conservation planning because the prevalence of cryptic complexes is already endangered the nominal species, caused a dual problem: (i) the endangered or threatened-listed-species might be composed of multiple species that are even more rare than previously supposed; and (ii) the different species might require different conservation strategies (Schonrogge et al., 2002). 175 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Man agement Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center There are many factors that could have attributed to the existence of the sub-species or taxon. Such factors were: i. Hybrid Hybridization between maternal of A. sirm with a closely related species. ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 ii. Faster rate of genetic evolution Faster rate of genetic evolution of the spotted sardine compared to morphological evolution thus only the former could be detected. iii. Discovery of new or cryptic species It was reported an existence of a cryptic species of S. gibbosa in The Philippine archipelago (Thomas et al., 2014). Thus it could imply that A. sirm at Ranong maybe a cryptic species. The present study cannot choose or clarify the real cause among those three postulates mentioned above. Thus, it is suggested that future studies should includes the nuclear DNA such as microsatellites and RAG to provide paternal origin information. The samples from Cambodia and Viet Nam are very important in order to identify a complete picture of this species stock structure in this region. Additional samples from Bay of Bengal could help to verify the results from this study. It also suggested to further study on sardine species complex in this region. A more detailed morphological investigation is also crucial to identify any subtle differences between the two clades. 5. Conclusion The Cyt b and COI gene markers used in this study revealed the two highly genetic divergent stocks; Ranong versus the rest of populations i.e included South China Sea (Muara, Kuantan, Kuching, Kudat, Palawan, Zambales and Songkhla), Java Sea (Pekalongan) and southern Andaman Sea (Banda Aceh). It is suggested that these stocks should be independently managed. Further study is highly recommended to identify the possibility of A. sirm in Ranong being a cryptic species in this region. 176 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 6. Acknowledgement The authors would like to express grateful thankness to the Government of Japan through the SEAFDEC-JTF VI project for funding this study. A great appreciation to all focal points of the Member Countries (Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, The Philippines and Viet Nam) for the technical contributions. Also, an enormously thankful to the officers and technical staffs of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD as well as to all practical students attached to Genetic Conservation Laboratory of MFRDMD whom involved directly or indirectly in this study. 177 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center CONCLUSIONS OF THE PROJECT 1. The TAC system was found not suitable due to multispecies situation of PS fisheries in ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 the SEA region, thus other management measures i.e Production Model and Feedback Control analyses were decided being more applicable. The Production Model enables AMSs to determine the optimum level of effort (fMSY) when they have sufficient and reliable catch and effort data. However, if the data are insufficient, AMSs may use the Feedback Control (Rule 2-2) which determine the Allowable Biological Catch (ABC). 2. The Production Model (Fox) analysis revealed that exploitation of pelagic resources by purse seiners in Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia and Thailand are already at sustainable level, thus increasing the fishing effort is not recommended. However, the pelagic resources in Indonesia (SCS) is not at sustainable level, thus it is highly recommended for them to reduce their fishing effort as much as possible until it reaches one third (1/3) of its current effort. 3. Two analyses (Production Model and Feedback Control) should be repeated in the future project after improvement of data collection. Insufficient data and information will decrease the accuracy of results from the stock assessment analysis. 4. The Cytochrome b and Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene markers used in the genetic study of Amblygaster sirm revealed the two highly genetic divergent stocks; Ranong (northern of Andaman Sea) versus the rest of populations i.e included South China Sea (Muara, Kuantan, Kuching, Kudat, Palawan, Zambales and Songkhla), Java Sea (Pekalongan) and southern Andaman Sea (Banda Aceh). It is suggested that these stocks should be independently managed. Further study is highly recommended to identify the possibility of A. sirm in Ranong being a cryptic species in this region. 178 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 PROJECT OUTCOMES Objective 1: To compile and compare annual and/or monthly catch per unit effort (CPUE) data for the last three decades in Malaysia and Thailand where historical catch-effort statistics had been collected by SEAFDEC and to interpret the resources trends in the region. ➔ MFRDMD only manage to compile and analyses historical catch and effort data for two decades in all eight AMSs. But not all AMS were able to fulfil all the parameters requested in the questionnaires. Furthermore, only annual data were collected and analysed. Objective 2: To assess which unit of effort is most appropriate for Malaysia, Thailand, and other member countries and to examine other indicators for stock assessment. ➔ Number of trips is the most appropriate unit of effort. It is also the most available index provided by some AMSs as compared to other effort unit in this project. Objective 3: To compare existing management systems/measures of purse seine fisheries including total allowable catch (TAC) systems in the world to examine which management system/measure is applicable for management of purse seine fishery in the region. ➔ Due to multi-species situation of the tropical fisheries in Southeast Asian region, TAC system is found to be not applicable, therefore Production Model and Feedback Control Method were considered more suitable as the alternative approaches. Objective 4: To compare the genetic structures of commercially important small pelagic species in the region by studying one species of the commercially important sardines. ➔ Tissue samples of 35 fish of Amblygaster sirm from each site were collected from ten localities in the South China Sea (Muara, Brunei Darussalam; Kuching, Kuantan and Kudat, Malaysia; Songkhla, Thailand; Palawan and Zambales, The Philippines); two sites in Andaman Sea (Ranong, Thailand and Banda Aceh, Indonesia) and one site in Java Sea (Pekalongan, Indonesia). ➔ The DNA markers (Cytochrome b and Cytochrome c oxidase Subunit I) used in this study revealed two highly genetic divergent stocks; Ranong (northern Andaman Sea) 179 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Developmen t Center versus the rest of populations i.e included South China Sea (Muara, Kuantan, Kuching, Kudat, Palawan, Zambales and Songkhla), Java Sea (Pekalongan) and southern Andaman Sea (Banda Aceh). Objective 5: To propose management strategies for sustainable purse seine fisheries in the ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Southeast Asian region based on available data. ➔ Each AMS should improve and enhance its fisheries statistical data and information collection system for better stock assessment. ➔ For sustainable PS fisheries in the AMSs, the member states should use the Production Model when they have sufficient and reliable catch and effort data. However, if the data are insufficient, AMSs may use the Feedback Control method. ➔ The regional management measures on PS fisheries are hardly to be implemented. PS fisheries should be managed independently as each country have different natures of PS fisheries and geopolitics. ➔ Scientific advices shall be considered by each AMS’s stakeholders as seems fit to their present situation. 180 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT SEAFDEC/MFRDMD would like to express great gratitude to the Honourable Dato’ Haji Munir Haji Mohd Nawi, the Director General of Department of Fisheries Malaysia and SEAFDEC Council Director for Malaysia for his kind support and permission to carry out this project. Our gratitude is also due to all project representatives from the participating member states in providing the information to complete this report. Our thanks also due to the former Chiefs of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD, Ms. Hjh. Mahyam Mohd Isa and Mr. Ahmad Adnan Nuruddin, as well as the former Deputy Chiefs, Dr. TAKI Kenji and Dr. ABE Osamu for their kind encouragement and guidance for this project. Last but not least, we would like to express our gratitude to all officers and the project team from SEAFDEC/MFRDMD for their hard work, enthusiasm, dedications and contributions to ensure the completion of this project and reports. 181 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Man Southeast Asian Fisheries Developmen agement Department t Center REFERENCES Abdul Wahab, A. (2018). Country Presentation on Purse Seine Fisheries in the West Coast pf Peninsular Malaysia. In J. Noorul-Azliana, M. Mohammad-Faisal, R. Raja-Bidin, & N. Fatah, The 3rd Core Expert Meeting on "Comparative Studies for Management of Purse ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region" (pp. 49-53). Kuala Lumpur: SEAFDEC/MFRDMD. Abdul-Wahab, A. (2019). Country Report: Malaysia - West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (WCPM). In Noorul-Azliana, J., Mohammad-Faisal, M. S., Luke, P. A., Taki, K., Raja-Bidin, R. H., & Fatah, N. N. 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Los Baños, Philippines: ASEAN Regional Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Department of Environment and Natural Resources. 205 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Man agement Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Uyen, N. T. (2017). Fisheries Country Profile: Viet Nam. Retrieved 29 September, 2019, from Southeast Asian Fisheries Dvelopment Center: http://www.seafdec.org/fisheries- country-profile-viet-nam/ Ward R.D., Grewe P.M. (1995) Appraisal of molecular genetic techniques in fisheries. In: ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Carvalho G.R., Pitcher T.J. (eds) Molecular Genetics in Fisheries. Springer, Dordrecht White, A. (1979). Marine Park Management in the Philippines. Likas Yaman, 2(1), 1-60. Wiedenmann, J., & Jensen, O. P. (2018). Could recent overfishing of New England groundfish have. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 1006-1018. Wikimedia Commons contributors. (22 October, 2018). Maritime border of Malaysia.jpg. Retrieved 4 September, 2019, from Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=File %3AMaritime_border_of_Malaysia.jpg&id=324966067 World Database on Protected Areas. (n.d.). Marine Protected Area. Viet Nam. Retrieved 27 September, 2019, from protected planet: https://www.protectedplanet.net/search?country=Viet+Nam&designation=Marine+P rotected+Area&main=country Wudianto, Suwarso, & Hariati, T. (2007). National Country Report for Indonesia. In SEAFDEC/MFRDMD, Information Collection for Sustainable Pelagic Fisheries in the South China Sea (Volume I: National Country Reports) (pp. 63-99). Kuala Terengganu: SEAFDEC/MFRDMD. Yakoh, A., Kongprom, A., & Kawmanee, P. (2016). Reproductive biology of frigate tuna (Auxis thazard (Lacepède, 1800)) and eastern little tuna (Euthynnus affinis (Cantor, 1849)) in the Andaman Sea Coast of Thailand. Bangkok: Department of Fisheries. Yakoh, A., Leartkaitratchata, T., & Tes-a-sen, K. (2014). Reproductive biology of anchovies (Encrasicholina punctifer, E. heteroloba and E. devisi) in the Andaman Sea Coast of Thailand. Bangkok: Department of Fisheries. Yamrungrueng, A., Leartkaitratchata, T., & Tes-a-sen, K. (2018). Stock assessment of round scads, Decapterus maruadsi in the Gulf of Thailand. In M. F. (MFRDD), Academic 206 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Book of Research and Development of Marine Fisheries during 2002-2014 (Vol. 1, pp. 156-188). Bangkok, Thailand: Department of Fisheries Thailand. Yingyuad, W., & Chanrachkij, I. (2010). Purse Seine Fisheries of Thailand. Samutprakarn: SEAFDEC/TD. Zulkifli, T., Richard, R., & Irman, I. (2013). Country Report for Malaysia. In Abu-Talib, A., Katoh, M., Abdul-Razak, L., & Raja-Bidin, R. H. (Eds.), Tagging Program for Economically Importat Small Pelagic Species in the South China Sea and the Andaman Sea. Regional Project Terminal Report JTF II. (pp. 147-183). Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia: SEAFDEC/MFRDMD/SP/23. 207 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Man agement Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center APPENDICES Appendix I. Questionnaires for Catch and Effort ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 REMARKS Dear Honourable AMSs, we would like to follow up with the data submission to SEAFDEC/MFRDMD as follows; The data submission involves: 1. Trend of landings/total catch (At least last 2 decades, including the latest data) 2. Trend of number of vessels (At least last 2 decades, including the latest data) 3.Trend of landings/total catch by GRT (At least last 2 decades, including the latest data) * 4. Trend of number of vessels by GRT (At least last 2 decades, including the latest data) * 5. Trend of CPUE (landings/number of vessels/year) 6. Species composition 7. Growth Parameters 8. Length at first maturity, Lm 9. Maximum Sustainable Yield, MSY 10. Spawning season * Data by GRT is required for data standardization. Kindly please fill in the data according to your GRT classification in your country. Template provided is for sample purpose only. Notes: Please submit data for all parameters requested. However, if it is not possible (as some data may available in certain area only), please provide some justification or clarification. For your information, I'm Mr. Mohammad Faisal Md. Saleh acting as the JTF6 Project Coordinator. Ms. Nadwa was given the task to compile all those data, any inquiries, please don't hesitate to email us at mohd_faisal@seafdec.org.my and awdanadwa@gmail.com. 208 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Fishing effort of Fish Purse Seine year no. of trips days hauls hours total catch/ CPUE CPUE CPUE vessels landings (MT) (MT/vessel) (MT/ trip) (kg/day/boat) 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Graphical information 209 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Developmen t Center Fishing effort of Anchovy Purse Seine no. of total catch/ CPUE CPUE year vessels trips days hauls hours CPUE landings (MT) (MT/vessel) (MT/ trip) (kg/day/boat) 1993 1994 1995 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Graphical information 210 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 211 Landings and fishing efforts of Fish Purse Seine (by GRT) Landings, MT Number of licensed vessel No. of trips Year 0-9.9 10-24.9 25- 40-69.9 70 GRT Sub 0-9.9 10-24.9 25-39.9 40-69.9 70 GRT 39.9 and and Sub 0-9.9 10-24.9 25-39.9 40-69.9 70 GRT Sub GRT GRT GRT GRT above total GRT GRT GRT GRT above total GRT GRT GRT GRT and above total 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 * Kindly please fill in the data according to your GRT classification in your country. Template provided is for sample purpose only. 211 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 212 Landings and fishing efforts of Anchovy Purse Seine (by GRT) Landings, MT Number of licensed vessel No. of trips Year 0-9.9 10-24.9 25- 40-69.9 70 GRT 39.9 and Sub 0-9.9 10-24.9 25-39.9 40-69.9 70 GRT Sub 0-9.9 10-24.9 25-39.9 40-69.9 70 GRT Sub GRT GRT GRT GRT above total GRT GRT GRT GRT and above total GRT GRT GRT GRT and above total 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 * Kindly please fill in the data according to your GRT classification in your country. Template provided is for sample purpose only. 212 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 213 Catch composition (%) of Fish Purse Seine Species (group) Total Indo-pacific mackerel 0 Hardtail scad 0 Indian mackerel 0 Round scad 0 Selar scad 0 Tuna 0 Anchovies 0 Sardines 0 Other fishes 0 Squids 0 Crustacean 0 Trash fish 0 Mixed fish 0 Grand total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Catch composition (%) of Anchovy Purse Seine Species (group) Total Indo-pacific mackerel 0 Hardtail scad 0 Indian mackerel 0 Round scad 0 Selar scad 0 Tuna 0 Anchovies 0 Sardines 0 Other fishes 0 Squids 0 Crustacean 0 Trash fish 0 Mixed fish 0 Grand total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 213 1993 1993 1994 1994 1995 1995 1996 1996 1997 1997 1998 1998 1999 1999 2000 2000 2001 2001 2002 2002 2003 2003 2004 2004 2005 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010 2011 2011 2012 2012 2013 2013 2014 2014 2015 2015 2016 2016 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Developmen t Center Biological Information Growth parameters for targeted species growth mortalities exploitation sites year Loo K Z M F M/K E=F/Z ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Spawning season Targeted species Area spawning season Lm (cm) Sources Length at first maturity, Lm Area Targeted species Female Lm (cm) (cm) Male (cm) Sources Maximum Sustainable Yield, MSY Area Year Total catch Targeted species (MT) MSY (MT) 214 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Appendix II. Report and Technical Papers The 1st Core Expert Meeting on Comparative Studies for the Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 26 – 28 August 2014, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia INTRODUCTION 1. The Core Expert Meeting on Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region was organized by SEAFDEC/MFRDMD at Furama Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from 26 to 28 September 2014. The meeting was attended by the representatives from Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, The Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam; as well as resource persons from Japan and Malaysia; the representatives from SEAFDEC/SECRETARIAT and SEAFDEC/TD; the Chief, Deputy Chief and Officials from SEAFDEC/MFRDMD. The List of Participants appears as Annex 1. OPENING OF THE MEETING 2. The Chief of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD, Ms. Mahyam Mohd Isa, welcomed everyone to the meeting. She expressed her gratitude to all SEAFDEC member countries for overwhelming response and attendance to this meeting. She gave a brief overview on the previous projects and the outcomes that brings the initiation of this project on Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region. She hopes all resources person and participants will share their knowledge and experience in this meeting. 3. The meeting was officially opened by the Mr. Tsuyoshi Iwata, Senior Expert and Technical Coordinator of SEAFDEC/Sec. He asked every participant to provide suggestions to make this project successful. He hoped that all participants will participate actively in the discussion to get good outcomes. The opening address appears as Annex 2. 215 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Developmen t Center ADOPTION OF AGENDA AND OVERVIEW OF THE PROGRAM ACTIVITY 4. The Chairperson, Ms. Mahyam Mohd. Isa introduced the Provisional Agenda and Arrangement of the meeting as proposed by the meeting secretariat. The proposed agenda was adopted without any changes. ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 5. Mr. Raja Bidin Raja Hassan, the Project Coordinator presented an overview of the project on Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region (Japanese Trust Fund VI Program). He highlighted that this project was started in 2013, until 2017 and targeting the small pelagic fishes. Formulation of TAC will be based on survey and monitoring program. At present, only few countries and RFMO’s had implemented TAC quota i.e. Japan, Norway, Portugal, CCSBT and ICES. He elaborated on the proposed project activities for 2014 – 2017. He also explained in detail about the case study of the purse seine fisheries in Malaysia and Thailand. The case study was based on data from the SEAFDEC Statistical Bulletin. More data is needed from all participating member countries for a regional analysis. Ultimately, this project will determine the best option that could be implemented for management of purse seine fisheries in this region. The Overview appears as Annex 3. 6. Dr. Takashi Matsuishi, the resource person form Hokkaido University, Japan presented “TAC Management in Japan”. His presentation appears as Annex 4. He highlighted that there are two types of fisheries management in Japan i.e. Top Down Control and Bottom Up Control, but most management practiced in Japan is the Bottom Up Control.in Japan, TAC was introduced in 1997 based on recommendation by UNCLOS. He also explained in detailed the Japanese TAC and Allowable Biological Catch (ABC) regulations. ABC is calculated based on the stock assessments made by the Fisheries Research Agency (FRA). The ABC limit, ABC target and other options are indicated during the assessment. TAC in Japan only targeted eight species from 19 stocks. It was determined based on ABC and taking into account the socio-economic consideration. He also explained the differences between ABC and TAC. If ABC is exceeded, FRA will advise no to overfish, but if TAC is exceeded, fishing activity will be stop or the fishers will be fine if they did not comply. He gave a few suggestions to avoid overfishing and for better implementation of TAC system. He also expressed his willingness to assist SEAFDEC to formulate TAC case study for the region after completing data collection. 216 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 COUNTRY REPORT PRESENTATIONS 7. Mr. Ibrahim Johari, Senior Research Officer from Fisheries Research Institute, Penang, Malaysia presented on “Cost and Earning of the Purse Seine Fisheries in Malaysia. He highlighted the fishing effort was based on the type of purse seines, tonnage class and fishing area. The calculation of effort was according to the number of trip per month and the number of day per trip. He then explained the case study on the costs and earnings of the purse seine fishery in Kuala Perlis and Perak. The study was conducted using landing and survey data. The cost (opportunity, operation, fixed); income (gross, net, return); catch composition; percentage of yield and price index were then calculated. Based on these results, the minimum annual catches for the purse seine fishery were determined. He also showed that the payback period needed for a new purse seine vessel is 10 years. The meeting was informed that a new wooden fishing vessel can be used for 30 years. His presentation appears as Annex 5. 8. Ms. Noorizan Abd Karim, Senior Research Officer from Fisheries Department of Brunei Darussalam presented on “The Purse Seine Fisheries in Brunei Darussalam”. The annual trend of fish production and prices of marine fishes fluctuated with the lowest in July. The purse seine fishery in Brunei Darussalam employed 100% foreign workers. The number of fishing vessels increased to 30 vessels in 2013 from 28 in 2012, of which 12 were purse seiners. She later described the management measures for the purse seine fishery. She then elaborated on the species composition of the small pelagic fishes, the biological information, fishing effort for fish ad tuna purse seine, and also status of the pelagic fish stock. The fish stock in Brunei Darussalam is declining mainly due to the trawl activities. Her presentation appears as Annex 6. The meeting was informed that the numbers of fishing vessel license were allocated according to the fishing zones. The meeting also informed that calculation for MSY only can be done if the species composition was known throughout the year. 9. Dr. Chea Tharith, Deputy Director of Marine Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Cambodia presented “Purse Seine Fishery in Cambodia”. His presentation appears as Annex 7. The Cambodian fisheries provided employment up to six million people and 81% of animal diet, where the per capita fish consumption in Cambodia is 63 kg. He briefly described the number of vessels, production and trend of landing and CPUE of purse seine fishery, fish composition and biological information for mackerel. The numbers of purse seine vessels were declining from 13 vessels in 1992 to only one vessel unit in 2012. This is due to overexploitation of the target species and the increased use of pair trawls and light luring purse seines on the offshore waters of Cambodia. The estimated MSY is 5,867 MT with efforts equal to 152 vessels. Mackerels was the most dominant species (86%). He suggested to conduct more survey or study to collect more information with support from MFRDMD. 217 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Developmen t Center 10. The Country Report for Indonesia was presented by Mr. Duto Nugroho. A Fisheries Biologist from the Fisheries Centre for Fisheries Management and Conservation, Indonesia. His presentation appears as Annex 8. Total number of purse seine in Indonesia waters is 28,000 vessels. The highest productivity of purse seine is 35 MT/gear/year of 16% of the total gears from the Java Sea. He highlighted the management measure based on the various laws and regulations. There are three ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 fishing zones based on the fishing areas, size of vessel and management authorities. Trend of landing showed slight increase due to additional number of purse seine vessels and shift of target species from small pelagic fish to tuna and tuna-like species in deep sea waters. He also described the stock status based on the fishing area and size of pelagic fishes. He also listed few problems in fisheries management. 11. The Report for the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (ECPM) was presented Mr. Sallehudin Jamon, a Senior Researcher from FRI Kg. Acheh, Perak. Purse seine vessels were categorized based on tonnages and types of FADs used. He stated that the management measures were based on the Malaysian Fisheries Act 1985. The newly proposed fishing zones are as follows: MPA (0 - 1 nm); Zone A (1 - 8 nm); Zone B (8 – 15 nm); Zone C (15 & above) Zone C3 (Indian Ocean). He also described the trend of landing (total and top five species), fishing effort (total, by categories and cumulative) and CPUE by fishing categories. The trend of total landing by fishing categories increased but the catch per unit effort (CPUE) decreased. His presentation appears as Annex 9. 12. The Report for Purse Seine Fishery of the West Coast Peninsular Malaysia (WCPM) was presented by Mr. Abud Wahab Abdullah, a Senior Researcher from FRI Kg. Acheh, Perak. He highlighted on the trend of landings and CPUE according to the size and category of purse seine vessels. The density of pelagic stock in 2013 decreased by 0.67% as compared to the survey in 2006 but decreased by 22% when compared to survey in 1998. More assessment is needed and should be conducted on a regular basis. Most FADs were used by purse seine vessels large than 70 GRT. He also described the marine park and fisheries protected areas in the WCPM. His presentation appears as Annex 10. 13. The Report for Purse Seine Fishery in Sarawak, Malaysia was presented by Mr. Jamil Musel, a Senior Research of FRI Bintawa, Sarawak. The main landings of pelagic fishe by purse seine are Decapterus spp., Rastrelliger spp. and Sardinella spp. He also highlighted the biological information for the small pelagic fishe namely Decapterus spp. and Rastrelliger spp. He elaborated on the fishing effort, biomass, MSY, local knowledge and existing management strategies for small pelagic. His presentation appears as Annex 11. 218 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 14. Mr Mohd Zamani Nayan, Fisheries Officer from Department of Fisheries Sabah, Malaysia presented on the “Purse Seine Fisheries in Sabah”. He briefly described the total marine fish landings, landings by purse seines and number of fishing vessels for the year 2011 and 2012. He also described the fishing effort and management strategies for the purse seine fisheries. His presentation appears as Annex 12. 15. Mr. Than Chaung, the Assistant Director from Department of Fisheries Myanmar presented on “Purse Seine Fishery in Myanmar”. There are two types of purse seine i.e. fish purse seine and anchovy purse seine. He briefly described the number of purse seine vessels, the main targeted species (e.g. Hilsa, mackerel, sardines, anchovy and scads), fishing area and fish production. He also presented the status of pelagic stock according to the pelagic fishing groups and fishing area. There are few management measures being practiced in Myanmar i.e. close area and season. He also emphasized on problems such as lack of up-to-date data, accuracy of collection, knowledge of scientific data collection and lack of fund. Meeting was informed that the joint venture program between Myanmar and Thailand has stopped since 2013. His presentation appears as Annex 13. 16. Mr. Prudencio B. Belga, an Aquaculturist II, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources of the Philippines presented on “The Status of Philippines Small Fish Stock”. Out of 1.3 million MT of landed marinen fishes, 60% were caught by purse seines. He described the annual commercial and municipal landings of small pelagic fishes from 1976 – 1984 and restarted in 1997 at different fishing grounds; however, the data is still being process. His presentation appears as Annex 14. 17. Ms. Sampan Panjarat, a Senior Fisheries Biologist from Andaman Sea Fisheries Research and development Center, Thailand presented on “Purse Seine Fishery in Thailand”. Purse seine fishery contributed about 33% of national catch. She explained the types of purse seine based on fishing category, area and sizes. She briefly presented on the fishing ground and trend of landing for pelagic fishes, fishing effort, annual catch and CPUE. Most of the pelagic fishes landing in Thai waters were above the MSY level. She also stated the status of pelagic fish stock in Thai waters and the management measures for fish purse seine fishery. Presently, more than 25% of Thai waters were declared as protected areas. Her presentation appears as Annex 15. 18. Mr. Nguyen Viet Nghia, the Head of Department of Marine Fisheries Resources from Research Institute for Marine Fisheries, Vit Nam presented on “The Purse Seine Fisheries in Viet Nam”. He briefly described the fishing ground and annual landing of purse seine fisheries. He also showed the trend of CPUE of purse seine, the list and biological information of the dominant species. In 2012 and 2013, Viet Nama conducted an acoustic survey on small pelagic fishes, in which the most dominant species caught were anchovy in the south area and scads in the north area. The anchovy groups migrated toward northern area during the northeast monsoon. He also 219 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Developmen t Center described the management measures and issues for the purse seine fishery and the Vienamese joint venture programs with Thailand and China. His presentation appears as Annex 16. 19. Ms. Mari Yoda from Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, FRA Japan presented on “Stock Assessment and ABC Determination in Japan – Purse Seine ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 CPUE in the East China Sea Pelagic Fish Assessment”. She briefly described the procedures to estimate TAC quota starting with data from the fish market, measurements in the laboratory, stock assessment and calculation of ABC and finally the determination of TAC quota. The meeting was informed that stock assessment was conducted once a year ad the TAC quota was adjusted in the middle of the year. In Japan, TAC is estimated for target fish species and not the fishery as a whole, as it is difficult to control and manage. TAC quotas were allocated to large scale prefectural fisheries organization, for controlling the number of boats and reporting the catches. Analysis using VPA and CPUE were conducted but he emphasized that sometimes CPUE analysis can be difficult when data is inadequate. Her presentation appears as Annex 17. 20. The meeting noted that some fish stocks in the region are overfished, so urgent action for management of pelagic fishes are required. One of the important goals for fisheries management id to develop and establish a database system for catch landing. During assessment, official and scientists should check the catch and CPUE trends and use the calculated MSY as references. TAC is one of the options for managing fishery resources; there are other options that countries may consider for fisheries management. The stakeholders need to understand the importance of fisheries management. DATA COMPILATION AND ANALYSES 21. Dr. Alias Man, a Senior Research Officer of FRI Batu Maung, Penang, Malaysia, presented on “Proposed Methodology on TAC Determination for Purse Seine Fishery in Malaysia”. As long-term scientific information is not available, TAC is determined based on the CPUE and MSY. He described briefly the case study for the Purse Seine Fishery in the WCPM. It was observed that there was an increasing trend of the engine horsepower used on purse seine vessels. Pelagic fishes were not only caught using purse seine, so MSY should be calculated using pelagic species as a unit stock. More data are needed and must be standardised. Socio-economic factor should also be considered in the analysis. His presentation appears as Annex 18. 22. Ms. Wahidah Mohd Arshaad, a Senior Researcher at MFRDMD presented on 220 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 “Genetic Study on Sardinella spp. in Southeast Asian Region”. Sardinella is a genus of small, coastal pelagic, planktivirous fishes that from large school over the continental shelf shallower than 200 m. this genus contains 21 recognized species and 11 species were reported in this region. The major fishing gear employed to catch Sardinella are purse seines, gillnets and bag-nets. She also mentioned that there are six published papers on genetic population study and DNA barcode of Sardinella spp. in the Southeast Asian and other region. His presentation appears as Annex 19. 23. Ms. Noorul Azliana Jamaludin, a Research Officer at MFRDMD presented on “Sampling Procedures for the Genetic Study”. The Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) serves as a guidelines and main references for tissue sample collection and preservation in the fields in their countries. Sampling materials will be provided to all MCs to collect the samples in their countries. She then explained in detail the procedures for taking samples. MFRDMD will request each participating SEADEC Council to appoint a focal point for DNA sample collection for spotted sardinella (Amblygaster sirm) for genetic study and the tissue specimens need to be sent by courier to MFRDMD. The meeting agreed that the country representative will act as focal point until the official focal point is appointed by their respective Council Director. Mr. Nguyen Viet Nghia from Viet Nam agreed tp provide the SOP for morphological study of Amblygaster sirm. MFRDMD will distribute the SOP to the country’s focal points and ask whether they are capable to collect the morphological data. Her presentation appears as Annex 12. 24. Mr. Mohammad Faisal Md Saleh, a Research Officer at MFRDMD presented on the “Outputs for the Andaman Sea”. This is the compilation of country reports from MCs in the Andaman Sea which included Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar and Thailand. He summarized the five aspects covered in the country reports which are: i) fisheries (general, major commercial gear); ii) type of purse seines, size of purse seine vessels and landings by purse seine; iii) biology (species or catch composition, length of first maturity, status of biomass); iv) fishing effort (number of all types of purse seine vessels, number of trips, number of days, number of hauls, number of hours, average of CPUE, status of exploitation); v) management (fishing zone, restriction of fishing gear and technique, close season, joint venture) and local knowledge (high and low catch season, perception). His presentation appears as Annex 21. 25. Mr. Raja Bidin Raja Hassan, the Project Coordinator of this project, from MFRDMD presented on “Outputs Presentation for South China Sea”. This compilation was based on country reports fringing the South China Sea areas which include Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam. Overall, Rastrelliger spp. and scads were abundant but scads were more dominant in the region. The meeting agreed that he information in the basic data format has been sent to the MCs must be validated to confirm that all data are accurate and up-to-date. His presentation appears as Annex 22. 221 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Developmen t Center 26. Dr. Masaya Katoh, the Deputy Chief from MFRDMD informed the meeting that the SEAFDEC Council directors will be informed on the future genetic study of A. sirm. All MCs are requested to collect and send the tissue samples to MFRDMD for analysis. The boxes containing all equipment needed for tissue sampling were given to all AMSs during the meeting and the budget for the sampling will be transferred later. ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 27. Mr. Tyoshi Iwata, a Senior Expert and Technical Coordinator of SEAFDEC/Sec presented on the “Example of TAC Distribution I Japan”. He described in detail an example of TAC quota for jack mackerel in 2014 according to the minister control and prefectural governor control. There are 47 prefectures but only 6 prefectures have history on allocated TAC. For the other prefectures, there were no specific TAC allocated. His presentation appears as Annex 23. 28. The meeting was informed that other indicators to manage fisheries are MSY and CPUE. Every country should know the exact fishing ground, effort, method and movement of the fish and share this information to develop a management plan. The meeting suggested SEAFDEC to collaborate with the MCs and organize a survey in this region using MV SEAFDEC 2. SEAFDEC/TD could plan the research with support from Japanese Trust Fund (JTF) or other donors. CLOSING OF THE MEETING 29. The Report of the Core Expert Meeting on Comparative Studies for the Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region will be e-mailed to all participants for their feedback and then will be finalized by MFRDMD. 30. Ms. Mahyam Mohd. Isa, the Chief of MFRDMD, expressed her sincere appreciation to everyone for their cooperation and active participations during the meeting. MFRDMD is willing to conduct training on stock assessment. She the thanked the Japanese government for funding this project, to all participants as well as members of the secretariat for making this meeting a success. Lastly, she wished everyone a safe journey home and declared the meeting closed. 222 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 The 2nd Core Expert Meeting on Comparative Studies for the Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 9 – 11 August 2016, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Adopted Report INTRODUCTION 1. The Core Expert Meeting on Comparative Studies for the Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region was organized by SEAFDEC/MFRDMD at Furama Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from 9 - 11 August 2016. The meeting was attended by the representatives from Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, The Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam and an observer from Lao PDR; as well as resource persons from Japan and Malaysia, the representatives from SEAFDEC/Secretariat, SEAFDEC/TD, DOF Malaysia, the Chief, Deputy Chief and Officials from SEAFDEC/MFRDMD. The List of Participants appeared in Annex 1. 2. The objectives of the meeting are; sharing of the latest information on characteristics of catch and effort of small pelagic purse seine fishery in the region, and to compare between application of TAC, TAE and other management options for its data requirement. Understanding the population structure of major species is also attempted. OPENING OF THE MEETING 3. The Deputy Chief of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD, Dr. Osamu Abe, welcomed everyone to the meeting. He expressed his gratitude to all SEAFDEC participating member countries for their effort to attend this meeting. His welcome remarks appeared in Annex 2. 4. The meeting was officially opened by the Chief of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD, Mr. Ahmad Adnan Nuruddin. He emphasized that purse seine fishery is very important and need to manage regionally. He appreciates the attendance of resource persons from Japan and Malaysia for sharing their experiences in managing pelagic resources in this region. His opening address appeared in Annex 3. ADOPTION OF AGENDA AND OVERVIEW OF THE PROGRAM ACTIVITY 5. This session was chaired by the Chief of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD. Meeting agenda was presented by Dr. Osamu Abe, Deputy Chief of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD. The agenda was adopted without any amendment as in Annex 4. 223 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Man agement Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center 6. Project Coordinator, Mr. Raja Bidin Raja Hassan, presented the Overview and Progress of the project as appeared in Annex 5. He emphasizes an urgent requirement for catch and effort data submission in a timely manner and complies with the data format as provided by SEAFDEC/MFRDMD. He also highlighted several activities and outputs from this project especially on trend of landing and CPUE for purse seine fishery in this region. One publication entitled “Current Status of Purse Seine Fisheries in the ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Southeast Asian Region” was published in 2015 and has been disseminated to all SEAFDEC member countries. REVIEW OF PURSE SEINE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 7. Dr. Takashi Matsuishi, the invited resource person from Japan presented the “Comparison and Requirement for Catch and Fishing Effort Management Strategies for Purse Seine Fisheries”. He elaborated few types of fishery management systems applied in Japan. He also explained in detail about output control and Japanese Allowable Biological Catch (ABC) calculation rule. He proposed an input control “Allowable Biological Effort” (ABE) as a potential management system for pelagic resources in this region. He concluded that effort control will be easier to implement and population model is applicable for multispecies fisheries. His presentation slides appeared in Annex 6. 8. Mr. Mohd Noor Noordin, the invited resource person from Department of Fisheries Malaysia presented a paper entitled “Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in Malaysia”. He elaborated the current scenario of capture fisheries in Malaysia including the management system used to manage purse seine fisheries. The presentation slides appeared in Annex 7. COUNTRY PRESENTATIONS 9. Dr. Chea Tharith, the Deputy Director of Marine Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Cambodia presented “Purse Seine Fishery in Cambodia”. His presentation appeared in Annex 8. The Cambodian fisheries dominated by inland fisheries which contributed about 570,000 MT compare to marine capture fisheries which only contributed about 120,000 MT. Cambodia recorded highest CPUE for pelagic fishes in January. Cambodia implement closed season for mackerels in January-March annually. Cambodia intended to establish quota for Total Allowable Catch (TAC) or Total Allowable Effort (TAE) in near future. 10. The Country Report for Indonesia was presented by Mr. Duto Nugroho, a Senior Fisheries Biologist from the Center for Fisheries Research and Development, Indonesia. His presentation appeared in Annex 9. His presentation only focused on two sub-areas namely Malacca Strait and Natuna. Indonesia recorded dominant species caught by 224 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 purse seine are Decapterus spp. and Rastrelliger spp. Indonesia reported that heavy exploitation of pelagic fish occurred in Malacca Straits. Indonesia also has carried out acoustic survey to assess pelagic stock around Natuna Island. 11. The Report for the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia was presented by Mr. Sallehudin Jamon, Senior Research Officer from FRI Kg. Acheh, Perak. Purse seine vessels were categorized based on tonnages and types of FADs used. He highlighted the management measures were based on the Malaysian Fisheries Act 1985. He also described the trend of landing and CPUE for top 7 pelagic species in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. He reported that spawning season occurred twice a year. His presentation appeared in Annex 10. 12. The report for the Purse Seine Fishery of the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia was presented by Mr. Abdul Wahab Abdullah, a Senior Research Officer from FRI Kg. Acheh, Perak. He highlighted on the current trend of landings and CPUE for purse seine vessels on the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. His presentation appeared in Annex 11. 13. The report for the purse seine fishery in Sarawak, Malaysia was presented by Mr. Jamil Musel, Senior Research Officer of FRI Bintawa, Sarawak. The main landings of pelagic fish by purse seine are Decapterus sp., Rastrelliger sp. and Sardinella sp. He also highlighted the biological information for the small pelagic fish namely Decapterus sp. and Rastrelliger sp. He elaborated on the fishing effort, biomass, MSY, local knowledge and existing management strategies for small pelagic. He mentioned that the trend of landing decreased recently due to labour shortage. His presentation appeared in Annex 12. 14. Mr. Mohd Zamani Nayan, Fisheries Officer, Department of Fisheries Sabah, Malaysia presented on the “Purse Seine Fisheries in Sabah”. He briefly described the total marine fish landings, landing by purse seines and number of fishing vessels for the year 2013 and 2014. He also described the fishing effort and management strategies for the purse seine fisheries. His presentation appeared in Annex 13. 15. Country report of the Philippines was presented by Mr. Napoleon Lamarca. Based on his presentation, ring net is the most used fishing gear in the Philippines. He also showed the CPUE of the ring net fishery in Sindangan and Zamboanga areas. As for management purpose, BFAR only authorizes the commercial fishing activities beyond 15 kiloms from the shoreline. His presentation appeared in Annex 14a. Mr. Francisco Torres, from National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI) of the Philippines also presented the report on national production of small pelagics. He reported that production for pelagic fish is quite stable for municipal fishery. He mentioned that BFAR has to come out with Target Reference Point (TRP) as stipulated in their national law. TRP will be used as management tool for purse seine fisheries in the Philippines. His presentation appeared in Annex 14b. 225 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Developmen t Center 16. Ms. Sampan Panjarat, Senior Fisheries Biologist, Andaman Sea Fisheries Research & Development Center, Thailand presented on “Purse Seine Fishery in Thailand”. She reported the pelagic fish production increased in late 70’s but decreased recently in 2010. She highlighted Thailand’s Royal Ordinance on Fisheries 2558 (2015) has been used in the management of purse seine fisheries. Thailand has introduced Maximum Allowable Catch (MAC) as one of the potential management tools. She also mentioned ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 that Observer on Board Program has already been initiated for vessel operating outside EEZ of Thailand. Her presentation appeared in Annex 15. 17. Mr. Phan Dang Liem from Research Institute for Marine Fisheries (RIMF), Vietnam presented on “The Purse Seine Fisheries in Vietnam”. He briefly described the fishing ground and annual landing of purse seine fisheries. He also showed the trend of landing and CPUE of purse seine fisheries, the list and biological information of the dominant species. Vietnam recorded the highest number of purse seine vessel in 2010 and the number decreased drastically in 2011 due to changes in type of fishing gear for catching pelagic fish. His presentation appeared in Annex 16. DATA REQUIREMENT AND REGIONAL SYNTHESIS 18. Professor Emeritus Dr. Mohd Azmi Ambak talked on the procedure for catch and effort data analyses. 19. Mr. Mohammad Faisal Md Saleh Senior Researcher at SEAFDEC/MFRDMD presented on the Regional Synthesis for Andaman Sea. His presentation appeared in Annex 17. 20. Mr. Raja Bidin Raja Hassan, Special Departmental Coordinator of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD presented the “Regional Synthesis for South China Sea”. Landings for small pelagic were observed quite stable, however CPUE showed decreasing trend especially in Malaysia. All participating member countries were requested to submit their complete data timely, so that MFRDMD could proceed for a comprehensive regional synthesis. Existing data is not sufficient to conclude a strong basis for management regime for pelagic fish in the South China. His presentation appeared in Annex 18. 21. Ms. Wahidah Mohd Arshaad, a Senior Researcher at SEAFDEC/MFRDMD presented on “Genetic Population on Spotted Sardine (Amblygaster sirm) in Southeast Asian Region”. The preliminary result based on four sampling locations (namely Muar in Brunei Darussalam; Kuantan and Kudat in Malaysia, and Songkla in Thailand) found that Amblygaster sirm is a single evolutionary unit and therefore can be regarded as a single conservation unit for the management of sustainable fisheries. She also highlighted the issues regarding species misidentification and difference in legislation on sample export to MFRDMD. Her presentation appeared in Annex 19. 226 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 MANAGEMENT STRATEGY OF PURSE SEINE FISHERY 22. Dr. Takashi Matsuishi, the resource person from Japan presented “Case Studies and Some Application of Catch and Fishing Effort Management Strategies for Purse Seine Fisheries”. He demonstrated the calculation of ABE to the meeting. His presentation appeared in Annex 20. CLOSING SESSION 23. This session was chaired by Special Departmental Coordinator of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD, Mr. Raja Bidin Raja Hassan. The way forward and new project activity were identified and presented as below; No. Activities Time frame Remarks 1 Catch and effort data 30 Sept 2016 1. All participating member submission country 2. Develop baseline data 2 Mini workshop December 2016 Budget availability - to include scientist 3 Publication of regional November 2016 synthesis for purse seine fishery 4 Submission of genetic End December 2016 Viet Nam, Cambodia, samples to MFRDMD Myanmar and Thailand 5 Analysis of DNA samples End February 2017 Indonesia will analyze the sample by themself and the rest by MFRDMD 6 Submission of DNA August 2017 report 7 Core Expert meeting August 2017 - to include scientist and manager 8 Project terminal report December 2017 Include suggestions and recommendations for pelagic fishery management strategy Issues 1. Capacity building – related to activities for a mini workshop 2. Cost estimation of mini workshop New project activity 1. Establishment of scientific working group for small pelagic at regional level 227 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Developmen t Center 3rd Core Expert Meeting on Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 12-14 September 2017, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Adopted report ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 INTRODUCTION 1. The Core Expert Meeting on Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region was organized by SEAFDEC/MFRDMD at Furama Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from 12 to 14 September 2017. The meeting was attended by the representatives from Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, The Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam; as well as resource persons from Japan and Malaysia, the representatives from SEAFDEC/TD, the Chief, Deputy Chief and Officials from SEAFDEC/MFRDMD. The List of Participants appeared in Annex 1. 2. The objectives of the meeting were: to share the latest information about landings and CPUEs of purse seine fisheries in the region, to compile the current management measures for purse seine fisheries in the region, to share experience on data processing for management of purse seine fisheries and to understand the population structure for Amblygaster sirm. OPENING OF THE MEETING 3. In his welcome message, the Deputy Chief of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD, Dr. Kenji Taki expressed his gratitude to all participants from the SEAFDEC participating member countries for their efforts to attend this meeting and expected to deepen his knowledge on Purse Seine management that he thinks is more applicable in the ASEAN region. His welcome remarks appeared in Annex 2. 4. The meeting was officially opened by the Chief of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD, Mr. Raja Bidin Raja Hassan. He hoped participating Member Countries could share on the latest information about pelagic fisheries and management of purse seine fishery. He emphasized the important to examine the fishing capacity for Purse Seine and some management measures to address the common issues faced in this region and hoped delegates could tap valuable information from invited resource person from Japan appeared in Annex 3. 228 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 ADOPTION OF AGENDA AND OVERVIEW OF THE PROGRAM ACTIVITY 5. This session was chaired by Chief of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD and the meeting agenda was presented by Dr. Kenji Taki, Deputy Chief of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD. The agenda was adopted with a little amendment as in Annex 4. 6. Project Coordinator, Mr. Mohamad Faisal Md. Saleh, presented Overview of Project as appeared in Annex 5. Besides reporting the background of the project, he also reviewed the availability of statistics data of landing data, fishing effort and catch per unit effort (CPUE) in the region that will be the focus of this project. The presentation also viewed the case study in Malaysia for landing trend and CPUE standardization. Species composition in the region was also presented and current statistics data that had been collected and compiled by MFRDMD were also showed. Based from the issues and challenges raised up, all the Member Countries were aware of very importance of the reliable data statistics to come out with good management on Purse Seine fisheries. One report on “2nd Core Expert Meeting on Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2016” was published in 2017 and had been disseminated to all SEAFDEC member countries. COUNTRY PRESENTATIONS 7. Dr. Chea Tharith, from Cambodia presented Purse Seine Fishery in Cambodia. The presentation was appeared in Annex 6. In his presentation, purse seine fishery in Cambodia was highlighted. With three purse seine boats operated in two provinces with 2-5 days per trip and 9 to 10 trips per month, catch trends from long-tailed boat (Gill net) was presented. The species that mainly had been caught by purse seine boat in Cambodia were scads, sardines, Rastrelliger spp. and anchovies; and biological information such as spawning season and length at first maturity of Rastrelliger brachysoma in 2004 and trend of CPUE was also highlighted in his presentation. It was also informed in this presentation that fishery resources in Cambodia were declining while number of small- scale boat was increasing and motorized. Capacity building in Cambodia on determining TAC for Purse Seine was also still lacking. 8. The first part of country report from Indonesia was presented by Mr. Imron Rosyidi as in Annex 7. His presentation mainly focuses on overview of Purse Seine fisheries management in Indonesia. For the second part of the country report from Indonesia presented by Mr. Suwarso was highlighted on the purse seine fishery management in Natuna Sea and adjacent waters. The meeting was also informed that currently, there are three kinds of Purse Seine; small, medium and large to catch the pelagic species in Indonesia. The catch trend in Pemangkat as an example was viewed besides biological information such as species composition together with management measures implemented in the country from the study conducted in 2014 through national project and from 2003 to 2005 through SEAFDEC project was also presented. A biological sampling was done from 2014-2016 on reproduction aspects (length of maturity) of 229 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Developmen t Center Decapterus russelli, R. kanagurta and Selar crumenopthalmus. A CPUE trend on the species was also conducted in 2013. Moreover, the meeting was informed that the implementation of Observer on board program conducted by Indonesia was concordant with requirement by other International Commissions such as the IOTC. Likewise, currently a special unit responsible in harmonizing the landing data collected and to manage 34 provinces in Indonesia, management measure such as vessel registrations is ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 responsible by central government and registration book by province government. Regarding the design of fishing gears in their country, Mr. Suwarso stressed that the design emanated from the local fisherman with approval from the central government. 9. The Report for the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia was presented by Mr. Sallehudin Jamon from Fisheries Research Institute (FRI) Kg. Acheh, Perak. He reported that catch trend of pelagic fish and anchovy in East Coast Peninsular Malaysia based from statistical data from Department of Fisheries, Malaysia. Other information such as CPUE and biological information was also presented. Currently, the status of pelagic fish in East Coast Peninsular Malaysia according to biomass was 405,332 MT and MSY was 202,466 MT. The meeting was informed that the study for the close season on pelagic species e.g. R. kanagurta is on-going that started from 2015 to 2020. The presentation appeared in Annex 8. 10. The report for the Purse Seine Fishery of the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia was presented by Mr. Abdul Wahab Abdullah from FRI Kg. Acheh, Perak. He started with information on type of purse seine vessels, zoning and fishing areas and partly on latest relevant rules and regulations. The meeting was informed that the West Coast zoning system has been revised in 2014, among others to create a conservation zone of 1 nm from the shoreline and to change the zoning boundaries. The trend of vessels, landings and also CPUE and catch composition for purse seine vessels were also highlighted. His presentation appeared in Annex 9. 11. The country report on Purse Seine Fishery in Sarawak, Malaysia was presented by Mr. Jamil Musel from FRI Bintawa, Sarawak. He reported on overview of catch trend in Sarawak by purse seine. He also presented the result for CPUE of pelagic in Sarawak, Malaysia and status of pelagic fish stock in Malaysia based on the acoustic survey conducted in 2014 and published in 2015. Chief of MFRDMD suggested doing FISAT analysis and cover all categories because it was presumed that during data analysis did not cover certain range of size and this can give bias to the result generated by FISAT, therefore can have better result and thus can view the true scenarios of resource in Sarawak. His presentation appeared in Annex 10. 12. Mr. Mohd Zamani Nayan from Department of Fisheries Sabah, Malaysia presented on the “Purse Seine Fisheries in Sabah”. He briefly described fishing effort of PS from 2009 to mid of 2017. The status of pelagic stock in Sabah also was showed from the acoustic method. However, the data and biological information (e.g. length of first maturity and spawning season) was currently unavailable. Information on management strategy such 230 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 as control of licensing and enforcement and the closed season approach that still on planning was also reported. Chief of MFRDMD also informed that based from the acoustic survey conducted the status of pelagic fisheries in Sabah is still encouraging and the resource is still enough. In addition, final report of acoustic study from Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak are already completed and will be published soon. His presentation appeared as Annex 11. 13. The country report from Myanmar was presented by Mr S. Julius Kyaw entitled Purse Seine Fishery in Myanmar. He elaborated that purse seine fishery management in Myanmar, landing trend, CPUE and biological information of pelagic species. The meeting was informed fishing area in Myanmar was divided into four regions with Rakhine was abundant for anchovy, Ayeyarwady for hilsa; and Taninthayi for sardinella and mackerel. The presentation was appeared as Annex 12. 14. Mr. Ronnie Romero presented Country report of the Philippines. Based on his presentation he provided an overview of the Philippines Capture Fisheries specifically on Purse Seine Fisheries. Fishing effort of purse seine, status of pelagic stock in Philippines and existing management strategies for purse seine were also highlighted in his presentation. He informed that starting 1998, Philippines had started the National Stock Assessment Program (NSAP) which provided significant data towards the establishment of a close season for roundscad in Palawan, Philippines in Sulu Sea. He also presented the CPUE trend of purse seine based from the National Stock Assessment Program (NSAP) of the Philippines from CY 1998 to CY 2016. Moreover, the dominant species caught during this period was presented. He further reported that there are two types of Purse Seine used in the Philippines, the Sardine/ Scad/ Mackerel Purse Seine and Tuna Purse Seine. Moreover, the Meeting was informed that aside from the Catcher Boats, Carrier, Lighboat and Sonar boats more than 3 GT are also required to apply for license from the BFAR. His presentation appears as Annex 13. 15. Dr. Watcharapong Chumchuen from Thailand reported 35% from marine capture production of Thailand were managed by purse seine which can be divided into two types; Thai Purse Seine (Black Seine) with mesh size greater than or equal to 25 mm that mostly catch Indo-Pacific mackerel, Indian mackerel, sardines, scads, bonitos, black pomfret and ponyfish with three fishing techniques (free school, light lurling and fish aggregating device operations) and Anchovy Purse Seine with mesh size greater than or equal to 6 mm specifically catch anchovies with two types of anchovy purse seiners. In the presentation he also informed that the fishery act in Thailand was revised in 2015. For purse seine, the regulations were enforced to control the fishing power (gear and effort) whereby boat owners must renew their fishing license every 2 years. The landing trend by purse seiner from 1993 to 2014 was also presented besides species composition, length at first maturity, fishing effort and status of pelagic fish in Thailand. Meeting was also informed that Thailand had practice in time-area closure as their fisheries management strategy. The presentation as appeared in Annex 14. 231 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Developmen t Center 16. Mr Pham Van Tuyen presented the country report from Viet Nam. In this report, an overview of marine fisheries particularly purse seine fisheries in four areas; Gulf of Tonkin, Central, Southeast and Southwest Viet Nam was presented. Meeting was informed that the marine product from the purse seine was about 20.6% total catch and the main species of the local and commercial types of surrounding net are small pelagic fish and include: sardines, mackerels, round scads, neritic tunas, anchovies etc. There ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 are two types of purse seines; luring purse seine that target on anchovy (anchovy purse seine) and luring purse seine that catch for small pelagic fishes. Meanwhile, second type of purse seine (searching purse seine) also target small pelagic fishes besides tuna. Biological information from the survey conducted such as information on spawning season, fishing effort and fishery management strategies was also presented. Viet Nam representative also highlighted the important of future works to raise continuously knowledge especially among local fisherman, strengthening capacity for various stakeholders and collaborative study for management to manage pelagic resources in a sustainable manner. His presentation appeared in Annex 15. 17. General discussion of pelagic fisheries based on country presentations: i) Stock Assessment Resource Person, Prof Dr Takashi Matsuishi informed unreliable data on landing and fishing effort will give a big impact to the management interpretation. Therefore, a detail review should be implemented to avoid any mistakes. Due to poor data collection by some country, Dr Takashi Matsuishi suggested to divide into good data and unreliable data (bad poor) so that accurate analysis for management on Purse Seine fisheries can be analyzed and come out with better result. Furthermore, Deputy Chief of MFRDMD suggested environmental data such as water temperatures in the fishery grounds should also be considered because this might clarify the reason of yearly big gap of the landing. Meanwhile, Chief of MFRDMD suggested adding information from the hydro-acoustic survey for better understands the status of pelagic resource in the region. He also strengthened that the requirement of capacity building for stock assessment of pelagic fish in the region and informed that SEAFDEC willing to help Member Countries to access pelagic stock assessment by other method. e.g. surplus model. ii) Biological aspects Resource Person, Prof Dr Takashi Matsuishi recommended Member Countries to get updated report for length of maturity. Based from the Member Countries’ presentation, there were some of the different in length at first maturity among countries, Chief of MFRDMD suggested to find out the factor such as geography factor that may possible to cause the fish to mature early. 232 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 iii) Management strategies and regulation Member countries highlighted the issue on regulation of fishery management strategies such as number of person on board need to be decreased (currently about 20 to 30 persons per boat) and fishing technique that need to be managed carefully. Representatives from Malaysia and The Philippines also recommended to look up on the issue of transshipment. As in SEA scenarios that their catch based on multispecies, Resource Person suggested fishery managers in the region to regulate what is the depleted species so that the fishery management of multispecies in this region could be easily to manage. REVIEW ON CURRENT PURSE SEINE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (THAILAND & THE PHILIPPINES) 18. Cdr. Pornchai Singhaboon from Thailand presented Experience and Lesson-Learned on TAC implementation. In the presentation, he shared on how TAC was applied in Thailand that involves three processes; 1. Determination of Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) for three groups of marine resource (pelagic group, benthic group and anchovy group), 2. TAC consideration from about 90% of MSY and 3. TAC submission to National Fishery Committee for approval. Based on four types of allocation to the fishers for all fishing activities, in Gulf of Thailand 230,803 (t) for pelagic and 172,607 (t) for anchovy whilst in Andaman Sea 110,184 (t) for pelagic and 29,650 (t) was approved for TAC. The meeting was informed that the MSY determination was calculated using monthly monitoring system data collection using surplus model. The resource utilization according to two management areas and right-allocation for anchovy purse seiners in Gulf of Thailand was also presented. The implementation of TAC was started since 2016 in Thailand that every two years is the time for fishers to renew their fishing license and the next the right-allocation will be reviewed in 2018. However, due to some limitations in TAC system, Total Allowable Effort (TAE) system was indirectly applied instead of TAC system in order to manage pelagic resource in Thailand. The meeting was informed that the TAE was easily to monitor and control using port in - port out (PIPO) system. At this time, the improvement of TAC is still in progress and soon TAC system will be fully established. As for suggestion, Chief of MFRDMD recommended to use electronic system for effective monitoring system in future. The presentation as in Annex 16. 19. Representative from The Philippines, Mr Ronnie Romero presented on Experience and Lesson-Learned based on Target Reference Points (TRP). He explained that Harvest Control Rules (HCR) could be implemented if this Limit Reference Point (LRP) is reaching its target as the most sustainable point. He reported that the Philippines is till on process of coming up with a Reference Point using exploitation values. Moreover, a legislation on the HCR Management Practice is on its final revision. He expressed that MSY is the most ideal RP but due to the absence of a reliable inventory of fishing boats and gears in the Philippines, MSY cannot yet be used as RP as there is a need to come up with a comprehensive estimation of the fisheries production in the 233 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Developmen t Center country. He also informed the Meeting that data analysis is continuing and MSY calculation will be ready probably the year after Fishing Boat and Gear Inventory in 2018 is done. In connection to the LRP uing e values, the reference data was collected from the National Stock Assessment Program (NSAP) and was expected to be mainstreamed in the BFAR ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 regional office who conducts their individual regional analysis. In his presentation, he highlighted the concept of HCR and its implementation besides the example for Reference Point (RP) using exploitation value in the Philippines. His presentation also showed the proposed Limit Reference Point for Philippine small pelagic fishes, neritic and oceanic tuna by fishing ground based on Exploitation (E) values using length- frequency data in 2015. A few case studies were also presented according to close seasons implemented in selected areas. He also stressed that strengthened participation of stakeholders and players of the industry such the Local Government Units (LGU) played significant roles in mainstreaming EAFM, FMA and Establishment of RPs. Moreover, consistent support from Regional Field Offices for the establishment of comprehensive fisheries management systems was vital in the successful implementation of BFAR Management Activities. His presentation appeared in Annex 17. REGIONAL DATA ANALYSIS 20. Resource person of this project, Prof Dr Takashi Matsuishi from Hokkaido University, Japan presented Examples of Pelagic Stock Management in Japan. As an example, he presented stock assessment of Sardine in Pacific Coast of Japan for year 2016 focus on estimation on catch at age (Age Length Key, ALK). Virtual Population Analysis (VPA), estimated biomass (B) and exploitation rate (E), stock recruitment relationship and population dynamic prediction for deciding allowable biological catch (ABC) which is the scientific recommendation for TAC. However, he highlighted that for the tropical species, the application of ALK could be difficult. The presentation as in Annex 18. 21. Ms. Wahidah Mohd Arshaad from SEAFDEC/MFRDMD, presented “Genetic study of Amblygaster sirm inferred by mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome b (cyt b) in South China Sea and Andaman Sea”. In this presentation, she highlighted there were separated management unit of Amblygaster sirm in Southeast Asia based on genetic result. A few recommendations had been suggested before this conclusion can be confirmed such as additional sampling locations especially in Andaman Sea. Additional recommendations to use other gene other than cyt b could be considered for confirmation. The meeting has been informed that the analysis from Indonesia will be done by Indonesia representative and will be ready for next year. Chief of MFRDMD had recommended to use other study such as morphometric study to confirm the stock structure of the selected species in the region. Her presentation appeared in Annex 19. RELATED TO MANAGEMENT STRATEGY OF PURSE SEINE FISHERY 22. Prof Dr Takashi Matsuishi presented TAC Management for Multispecies Fisheries. He 234 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 highlighted the scenarios happened to purse seine fishery in Malaysia that catch several species at one haul and selected fishery management of Pacific Bluefin Tuna Thunnus orientalis on how its regulation in Japan as an example. In Japan, this species was catch by purse seine and set-net fishery and quota for this species for Hokkaido was 58 tonnes during July 2017 to June 2018. A few solutions have been taken to manage this species whereby the total catch has exceeded its quota in only 4 days. Therefore, based on the example, he recommended a few points for Purse Seine management such as; (i) Understand of the multispecies situations, (ii) Flexibility in the implementation and (iii) Monitoring scheme. Member countries also shared some of their country’s experiences on the use of set-net in their country. His presentation appeared in Annex 20. 23. Chief of MFRDMD, Mr Raja Bidin Raja Hassan presented Introduction to the Concept of Fisheries Management Plan (FMP). In his presentation, he highlighted the steps and process of FMP. The examples of FMP practices in Australia and USA were also presented as an example in his presentation. His presentation appeared in Annex 21. As for management of purse seine fisheries, Chief of MFRDMD informed the meeting that FMP for specific species is the main target for the future JTF project. Capacity building for stock and risk assessment will be one of the activities proposed for this new project. In this regards, Indonesia representative strongly agreed that scientific data is needed to support FMP and recommended FMP at the national level (e.g. FMP in Cambodia and Thailand) should be developed before FMP at the regional level could be initiated. However, harmonization on the specific objective of FMP for pelagic fish should be considered as a high priority in terms of to stop overfishing and upgrade habitat for sustainable fishery. Meeting also agreed to include other type of fishing gear (e.g. ring-net in Philippines or surrounding net in Thailand) that has similar function or mechanism as purse seine in the FMP. The meeting agreed, that MFRDMD as the center management for regional level should lead this activity. 24. A few points had been highlighted as for general discussions for management strategies such as: i) Chief of MFRDMD suggested Rastrelliger spp and Decapterus spp need the management strategy for the region based from the finding of the shared stock. Example such as close season practice in Thailand, Myanmar and Viet Nam could be taken as an example as the strategy for the sharing stocks among Member Countries. ii) Member Countries need to get complete set of information on catch and effort in order to come upwith a more reliable Purse Seine estimation in the region. This output will be used for final output for JTFVI program. iii) MFRDMD will re-send the template for the data input and Member Countries were requested to give at least 20 years’ series of data according to two ecosystems; South 235 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Developmen t Center China Sea and Andaman Sea. Member Countries will give fully support the proposal of FMP for Purse Seine Fisheries. 25. This session was chaired by Chief of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD, Mr. Raja Bidin Raja Hassan. Way forward were discussed and presented as below: No. Activities Time frame Remarks ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 1. To collect complete End of 2017 • MFRDMD will resend the set of information template to MCs after this from MCs for Catch meeting & Effort data for PS • Include C&E data of ring nets fishery (The Philippines) • Separate data according to the ecosystem (SCS and AS) 2. Regional synthesis Q1 of 2018 • MCs will submit the country report after the meeting • Involve one representative from MCs for workshop. • Will include the synthesis of total catch and species composition in the SCS and AS. • Data standardization 3. Publication on current Q2 of 2018 • status of PS fishery 4. Genetic study Q3/Q4 of 2018 • Workshop for final report (invite delegates from Indonesia) • DNA barcoding to confirm cryptic species depends on the budget available 5. CEM Q4 of 2018 • Invite all MCs (two representatives) CLOSING SESSION 26. Closing remark by Deputy Chief of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD. He conveyed his thanks to all the participants, resource person and secretariat of the meeting for their hard work and contribution to the workshop, which was very much helpful for upgrading the fisheries management in the region. His closing remarks appeared in Annex 22. 236 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 4th Core Expert Meeting on Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 18-19 September 2018, Melia Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Adopted report INTRODUCTION 1. The 4th Core Expert Meeting on Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region was organized by SEAFDEC/MFRDMD at Melia Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from 18 to 19 September 2018. The meeting was attended by the representatives from Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Malaysia, Myanmar, The Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam; as well as resource persons from Japan and Malaysia; the representatives from SEAFDEC/SECRETARIAT and SEAFDEC/TD; the Chief, Deputy Chief and Officials from SEAFDEC/MFRDMD. However, the representative from Indonesia could not join this meeting due to other commitment. The List of Participants appears as Annex 1. 2. The objectives of the meeting were: to share the latest information about landings and CPUEs of purse seine (PS) fisheries in the region, to provide explanation for any misleading data/information from all participating Member Countries, to share latest/additional output based on the regional synthesis of purse seine fisheries in the region, to discuss the most appropriate management measures for purse seine fisheries in the region, and to understand the population structure for Amblygaster sirm. OPENING OF THE MEETING 3. In his welcome message, the Chief of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD, Mr. Raja Bidin Raja Hassan expressed his gratitude to all participants from the SEAFDEC participating Member Countries for their efforts to attend this meeting and expected to deepen his knowledge on purse seine management which he thinks is more applicable in the ASEAN region. His welcome remarks appear as Annex 2. 4. The meeting was officially opened by the Deputy Chief of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD, Dr. Kenji Taki. He hoped the participating Member Countries could share on the latest information about pelagic fisheries and management of purse seine fishery. He emphasized on the importance to examine the fishing capacity for purse seine and some management measures to address the common issues faced in this region and hoped delegates could tap valuable information from invited resource persons from Japan and Malaysia. The opening address appears as Annex 3. 237 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Developmen t Center ADOPTION OF AGENDA AND OVERVIEW OF THE PROGRAM ACTIVITY 5. This session was chaired by Chief of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD and the meeting agenda was presented by Dr. Kenji Taki, Deputy Chief of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD. The agenda was adopted with a little amendment as in Annex 4. 6. Project Coordinator, Mr. Mohammad Faisal Md. Saleh, presented the Overview of ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Project, as appears as Annex 5. Besides reporting the background and objectives of the project, the expected goals of this project were also informed. The activities that have been done so far also been reported. In his presentation, he also emphasized the need of completing data input from the member countries in order to get a clear picture to formulate the management strategies for small pelagic fisheries in the region, as one of the expected goals of the project. For example, Myanmar was requested to provide a complete data input, and he also hoped that the genetic samples of Amblygaster sirm should be determined since this is very important to confirm the genetic population structure of this selected species in this region. The meeting members were informed that all outputs will be reported in a terminal report to be published in 2019 and the report will be disseminated to all SEAFDEC member countries. His presentation received a few comments and suggestions, which was agreed by all meeting members. One of the resource person, Prof. Dr. Takashi Matsuishi recommended to use multispecies management instead of selected major species as the new objective for this project, in lined with the progress of other project that involved Purse Seine fisheries management for multispecies in this region. This new approach lead to future research such as Fisheries Management Plan (FMP), will be applicable to all SEAFDEC Member Countries’ situation. Chief of MFRDMD, Mr. Raja Bidin Raja Hassan also agreed with the suggestion, furthermore, he added that if the use of major selective species still need to be proceed, the common species like tuna and sardine could be chosen as new subjects to study. The meeting was informed that currently, only one species of Amblygaster sirm or spotted sardinella had been selected to study the population structure in the region by using the genetic approach. Dr. Worawit Wanchana from SEAFDEC/SEC suggested sufficient data such as CPUE, biological data, etc. should come out with a standard guideline to reflect effective observations for FMP. He gave an example of ecolabelling schemes approach through Marine Stewardship Council (MCS) as an effort by Member Countries towards sustainable fisheries. The meeting was also informed and requested by Mr. Chhuon Kimchhea from Cambodia for further funding and technical support on this project in future. MFRDMD will take this request as consideration for future. COUNTRY REPORT PRESENTATIONS 7. The first country report was presented by Mr. Marzini Haji Zulkipli from Brunei Darussalam as in Annex 6. His presentation mainly focused on the overview of fisheries management measures in Brunei Darussalam. The meeting was informed of the landing trend and CPUE of purse seine in Brunei Darussalam from 1993 to 2017. The major composition of industrial purse seine which had compiled the national 238 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 reports since 1995 in Brunei Darussalam was also presented. He explained that the data in 1992 was collected from the former employees from DoF Brunei Darussalam and informed most of the catches was from trawl vessels. However, in recent years, Brunei Darussalam encouraged the Purse Seine operators to explore deeper sea for yellowfin and big eye tuna and this initiative will be improved in future management strategies. He also stated the current status of marine capture fisheries in Brunei Darussalam had decreased from 14,966 MT in 2016 to 13,796 MT in 2017. The capture was using the small scale and commercial fishing vessels in which the former comprises of 66% from the total of marine capture fisheries production. Resource Person, Prof. Dr. Takashi Matsuishi from Hokkaido-University, emphasized that the country report presentation was very crucial in order for member countries’ representative to explain their current data information. He was impressed with the way that Brunei Darussalam managed their vessels although the country adopts small- scale fisheries and this could be a good example of excellent data collection for other countries. The meeting had been informed by Brunei Darussalam’s representative about the situation happened in 1997 to 2000 whereby no data of purse seine fisheries collected due to high unit pricing of the targeted species, hence the operators were reluctant to catch the species. Some suggestions were made by Prof. Dr. Takashi Matsuishi in order for the results would not be affected if the case of no available data. He also emphasized that the investigation of interannual variations of species composition was very important and strongly recommended species by species data collection in the future. Mr. Marzini Haji Zulkipli explained the type of vessels used according to fishing zones in Brunei Darussalam whereby Zone 1 is allowed for small scale fishery vessels only whilst big boats and vessels operated in Zones 2 to 4. The fluctuation in number of vessels in Brunei Darussalam was due to some factors, for instance, the lack of operators for technical and vessels ability, weather and manpower. Mr. Chhuon Kimchhea from Cambodia informed that they will start the zoning systems using the examples from other Member Countries like Brunei Darussalam. 8. The second country report was presented by Dr. Chea Tharith, the first representative from Cambodia. His presentation as in Annex 7, focused mainly on overview of purse seine fisheries in Cambodia. Besides showing the statistics of vessels and marine capture production in Cambodia from 1993 to 2015, he also shared the challenges and constraints faced in Cambodia in regards to fisheries management. However, he added that necessary management actions were implemented. Currently, Cambodia is revising the fisheries legislation and in drafting the National Plan of Action against IUU fishing (NPOA-IUU) for 2018-2022. He discussed the need to hire some experts to prevent the IUU and PSM. The upgraded marine fishery policy in Cambodia was introduced in the meeting by 239 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Developmen t Center Mr. Chhuon Kimchhea, the second representative from Cambodia. The country just hired the international consultant from European Union (EU) and just proposed the 1st draft for marine fishery policy whereby all fishing vessels operated must be registered. He also added that the upgraded marine fishery policy was using the existing National Marine Policy as the template. He answered to Dr. Worawit Wanchana’s query regarding the number of vessel licenses were more than number of existing fishing ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 gears. In his response, the meeting members had been informed that some of the vessels do not require to be registered their fishing gears. He also added that Minister of Public Work and Transport is responsible for vessels registration while Department of Fisheries is only responsible for fishing registration. 9. The report for the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (ECPM) was presented by Mr. Sallehudin Jamon from Fisheries Research Institute (FRI) Kg. Acheh, Perak, as in Annex 8. He started his presentation with general Malaysia Fisheries profile followed by landing trend of pelagic fishes and anchovies including species composition. Biological data such as length at first maturity and spawning season of mackerel and scads were also included in his presentation. Other than that, trend of fishing effort for purse seine fisheries in ECPM was also reported. The meeting was informed that the current status for pelagic fish in ECPM using Kobe I Plot is still in green zone. Meanwhile, the risk assessment attempted to allow the increase of catch up to 20% for the next ten years. The management measures for purse seine in ECPM were also presented. Responding to Prof. Dr. Takashi Matsuishi regarding the declining of fishing effort that affected the relationship between catch and standardized CPUE in 2017, Mr. Sallehudin Jamon clarified that was due to the catch of Indian mackerel and short mackerel was low during that year. However, ECPM has taken note to improve the data analysis after a few suggestions from the Resource Person. 10. The report for the Purse Seine Fishery of the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (WCPM) was presented by Mr. Abdul Wahab Abdullah from FRI Kg. Acheh, Perak. His presentation appears as Annex 9. He started with information on type of purse seine vessels, zoning and fishing areas and also on latest relevant rules and regulations. The meeting was informed that according to Kobe I Plot, the current status of the West Coast is overfished based on pelagic survey data in 2013. Besides that, biological data information such as length at first maturity and spawning season of Indian mackerel were also reported in his presentation. The issues of challenge for pelagic resources in WCPM had also been addressed in his presentation. The meeting had also been informed by Mr. Sallehudin Jamon that the contrast situation of resource status between WCPM and ECPM was because of many reasons. One of the reasons was political disputes on the license issued to the fishermen. Nevertheless, Chief of MFRDMD added that the finding of overfishing in WCPM was 240 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 consistent with reports during acoustic survey and it is an alarm for WCPM to reduce number of fishing efforts and fishing vessels, hence the managers had come out with a proposal of closing season for certain species. He also suggested collaboration with the neighbouring countries (Thailand and Indonesia) for management purpose plan. 11. The country report on Purse Seine Fishery in Sarawak, Malaysia was presented by Mr. Jamil Musel from FRI Bintawa, Sarawak. Kobe I Plot from 2009-2017 showed pelagic status of Sarawak waters is still in green zone category. Another analysis using risk assessment showed the green zone for three years if the current catch level remains around the same, but overfishing will happen if the catch increases up to 20% in the next ten years. The interannual variations of total biomass using Kobe I Plot was also presented besides the existing management strategies practiced in Sarawak. His presentation appears as Annex 10. The meeting members were discussed some of the issues and challenges in purse seine fisheries in Sarawak such as the issue of foreign worker employment due to new regulations as well as the sea condition in Sarawak waters itself was not suitable for purse seine which lead to the low number of PS vessels operated. He added that there was a discussion among Sarawak’s authority regarding the development of purse seine fisheries in Sarawak. In addition to that, he also reported that as an alternative, some of the fishermen tried to use stick sea cassnet as a new fishing gear but it is still under trial phase. Nevertheless, that new fishing gear managed to catch higher number of squid and mackerels (e.g. 400-500kg/haul). 12. Mr. Mohd Zamani Nayan from Department of Fisheries Sabah, Malaysia presented the “Purse Seine Fisheries in Sabah”. He described briefly on the fishing zone in Sabah which is divided into three zones; West Coast (WC) Zone, East Coast (EC) Zone and Tawau (TW) Zone. He addressed some issues and challenges of fishery scenario in Sabah. Kobe Plot showed EC Sabah is in yellow/recovery area. Meanwhile TB/TBmsy and F/Fmsy are in green area, however, unlimited catch will result in overfishing for the next ten years. The Kobe I Plot analysis had also revealed the landing trend of pelagic fish in Sabah from 2009 to 2017 for three types of gears. The existing management strategies in Sabah are same with the rest of Malaysia, for example, joint venture program and building up management plan. Mr. Mohd Zamani Nayan also expressed his concern on the issue of safety in Sabah waters may affect the number of captures for some time. Mr. Sallehudin Jamon also added the same situation happened in IOTC waters particularly among the fishermen in Somalia. In terms of data analysis, Mr. Supapong Pattarapongpan from SEAFDEC/TD had suggested to use other model instead of depending solely on ASPIC model and he mentioned the same situation had happened before to Gulf of Thailand (GoT) data analysis. In this case, the use of ABC model was more appropriate. However, Mr. Mohd Zamani Nayan clarified that the data has been corrected since 2010 and gave the same negative correlation. His presentation appears as Annex 11. 241 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Developmen t Center 13. The country report from Myanmar was presented by Mr. Myint Shwe entitled The Management of Purse Seine Fishery in Myanmar. He elaborated that the purse seine operation in Myanmar can be divided into Fish Purse Seine to catch species like Hilsa and Purse Seine Anchovy to catch anchovies in inshore coastal waters. He also showed the major capture pelagic fishes in Myanmar waters as well as fishing season for Indian mackerel. The offshore and inshore purse seine catch activities and CPUE were ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 also presented. The current pelagic stock status from research vessels survey data in 2013 was revealed and he informed that presently there was also a survey conducted near Myanmar coastal waters which yielded 1.5 million MSY (Maximum Sustainable Yield) for both pelagic and demersal. His presentation appears as Annex 12. 14. Mr. Ronnie Romero from the Philippines presented his country report on the purse seine fisheries. Based on his presentation, he provided an overview of the Philippines capture fisheries and scenarios of purse seine fisheries. He also discussed the status of pelagic fish and existing management measures in the Philippines. The meeting agreed that reference points (RP) had been used and the implementation would be a good example of management measures taken to fisheries management in the Southeast Asian region. His presentation appears as Annex 13. 15. Dr. Watcharapong Chumchuen from Thailand reported the Purse Seine Fisheries in Thailand. He briefly explained about the catch and effort statistics, biological information, status of pelagic fish stock and existing management measures in Gulf of Thailand (GoT) and Andaman Sea (ANS). Dr. Worawit Wanchana from SEAFDEC/TD recommended to acquire data from Thai Meteorological Department to determine the exact time of sunset and sunrise for anchovy purse seine’s daytime fishing operation. In response to Sarawak Malaysia’s delegate, Dr. Watcharapong Chumchuen informed that the MSY calculation was done yearly for pelagic fishes, demersal fishes and anchovies in Thai waters. The meeting was also informed the increasing of number of days per trip in 2011 to 2012 in GOT may due to fishery resource status, fuel cost and improvement of the storage on the fishing vessels thus the fishermen can stayed longer at the sea compared to the previous years of 1-2 days per trip. His presentation appears as Annex 14. 16. Mr. Pham Van Tuyen presented the country report from Viet Nam. In his report, an overview of marine fisheries was explained particularly on the purse seine fisheries in Viet Nam. The total number of fishing boats and purse seiner was revealed besides the landing trends from 2000 to 2017. In addition, trend of CPUE, biological information, current stock status of pelagic resources and existing rules and regulations were also reported. He also shared that Viet Nam is still struggling in the implementation of proper rules and regulations. However, there are many workshops, meetings and discussions conducted by Viet Nam’s authority to overcome some issues, such as the implementation of minimum length of the fish capture for some species. The ideas and suggestions from meeting members are always welcome in 242 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 order to help Viet Nam in this matter. His presentation appears as Annex 15. 17. General discussion of pelagic fisheries based on country presentations: I. Catch and effort statistics i) Chief of MFRDMD, Mr. Raja Bidin Raja Hassan advised Brunei Darussalam to get more information on catch and effort data statistics for better output from the data analysis and the result can be used to determine the performance of purse seine fisheries in the region. He added a combination with more comprehensive data from Brunei Darussalam and other Member Countries can be a good reference on the actual performance of purse seine industry in the region. ii) Deputy Chief of MFRDMD, Dr. Kenji Taki advised Thailand to use different method of analysis by using each category of vessel size for purse seine, to take example after Brunei Darussalam that used zone division for CPUE and catch effort in their analysis. iii) Representative from SEAFDEC/TD, Mr. Supapong Pattarapongpan suggested to come out with standardized method since all meeting members were aware that different countries have different management measures. Therefore, it was advised to double-check all the result analysed by respected country in best possible way to find out the reference point and then decided which management measure is most suitable before the standardized method or model at regional level is determined. iv) Dr. Worawit Wanchana suggested as a way forward, to come out with a manual or template for the data analysis and he believed the pattern analysis used by Malaysia can be a good example for the data analysis for fish stock analysis at regional level. v) Dr. Watcharapong Chumchuen gave some suggestions to use CPUE unit as smallest effort unit as possible, for example haul, day or trip, because the large unit (vessel) has large variance when different data sources were analysed together. Mr. Mohammad Faisal Md. Saleh responded that MFRDMD had tried to used effort index as number of vessels and other type of efforts; however, after several internal discussions, MFRDMD found that the suggested effort index as number of units or vessels and other types of effort were not reliable for regional analysis except effort index as number of trips. Dr. Kenji Taki, however, added that the number of days is the best index for Thailand scenario and his suggestion was agreed by Thailand’s representatives although the fleets used different strategies. Representative from Malaysia, Mr. Sallehudin Jamon also agreed that the finding by using number of units and trips resulted in good outcome as compared to other efforts. 243 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Man agement Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center II. Biological information i) Mr. Mohammad Faisal Md. Saleh highlighted for Member Countries to submit biological information with references as shown by Thailand and Viet Nam in their presentations. He informed that the references are needed to be included in the terminal report publication. ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 ii) Dr. Kenji Taki added geographical difference should be included for maturity size and spawning season information for next step of analysis. iii) Prof. Dr. Takashi Matsuishi reminded all meeting members to be extra careful in the accuracy of estimations that seems different from the previous reference/historical data information. III. Stock status i) Dr. Kenji Taki mentioned the new approach using ASPIC and Kobe Plot model by Malaysia was the first time presented in the meeting and showed a good progress so far with some revision needed for future analysis. ii) Mr. Ronnie Romero added they appreciated the production model proposed by Malaysia, however, he suggested that Malaysia could come out with some recommendations for sustainable fisheries (e.g. management strategies on how to sustain livelihood without affecting the ecological balance). iii) Mr. Fileoner O. Eleserio from Philippines also expressed his concern on methods of fishing such as the use of light and sonar, as example. He suggested that lots of variables need to be examined for particular fishing gears and number of days at the sea. In addition, Dr. Kenji Taki favored Malaysia’s examples in using three different gears for their analysis on CPUE and suggested to consider further categorization of the gears. Chief of MFRDMD recommended to come out with standardized unit/effort for different methods for better result of regional analysis. IV. Management strategies: i) Chief of MFRDMD also highlighted the need of all Member Countries to report the progress or impacts on the management measures implemented by their country in the future. As an example, implementation of close seasons approach in Thailand, so that the comparison between before and after implementation can be observed and used as a reference to the other Member Countries. 244 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 MANAGEMENT MEASURES FOR PURSE SEINE FISHERIES 18. Ms. Wahidah Mohd Arshaad from SEAFDEC/MFRDMD, presented “Genetic study of Amblygaster sirm in South China Sea and Andaman Sea”. In her presentation, she highlighted there was separated management unit of Amblygaster sirm in Southeast Asia region based on genetic result inferred by Cytochrome b (Cyt b) DNA marker. She also informed that the extra analysis using other DNA Marker which was Cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) was also done to reconfirm the result. From both DNA markers used, it was concluded that there was a separated population structure of A. sirm between South China Sea (including Banda Acheh) and Andaman Sea (particularly from Ranong). However, this finding was not agreed by genetic experts during the Genetic Workshop that took place in Langkawi, Malaysia from 6 to 8 August 2018 previously. From that genetic workshop, it was assumed that the existing of new species/sub-species of A. sirm is due to its high genetic distance between these two ecosystems which are South China Sea (including Banda Acheh) and northern Andaman Sea water (Ranong). Therefore, it was decided that a few factors may contributed to the population genetic break such as hybridization, faster rate of genetic evolution or there was the discovery of new or cryptic species. Future studies were recommended for clear result such as using another DNA marker (e.g. microsatellite), morphology study and additional of larger geographical areas. Therefore, she also emphasized the important of samples collected from Myanmar as it was unavailable currently. The meeting was also informed according to FAO, this A. sirm species was not found along the Straits of Malacca and it was confirmed by Mr. Sallehudin Jamon based from the local knowledge and this finding would make the study more exciting to be carried out. Dr. Worawit Wanchana also shared the microsatellite study done for Rastrelliger brachysoma in GoT waters revealed the different stock structures. Dr. Worawit Wanchana offered to assist in morphology without using any extra cost study from Myanmar and Thailand, however MFRDMD will discuss with Indonesia for further collaboration. Her presentation appears as Annex 16. 19. Mr. Abu Talib Ahmad, the former Senior Director from Malaysia Fisheries Research Institute, Department of Fisheries Malaysia, presented on Rapid Assessments – Risk and Fisheries overview Towards Development of Fisheries Management Plan. From his presentation, rapid assessments for management was reviewed which divided into Risk Assessment and Fisheries Assessment. He also showed the example been used for fisheries assessment for Purse Seine Fishery scenario (multispecies) in WCPM. He also clarified that the high result of Risk Assessment for Rastrelliger kanagurta was due to trawl gear used as the main fishing gear for small pelagic, however, under susceptibility that the data was overlapping when compared to gillnet that was not allowed in coastal areas WCPM. He also explained that the Risk Assessment must be done by species, therefore to do the Productivity-Susceptibility Analysis (PSA), all parameters must be considered, however this is not applicable to regional level, therefore, further studies need to be done in future for this subject. The meeting also 245 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Developmen t Center had been informed that the method used for pre-assessment was only inspired by the method developed by the Europeans for proper management plan and was not to be applied to Southeast Asian purse seine fisheries’ scenarios. All meeting members agreed to use this method of assessment for future project lead by MFRDMD. His presentation appears as Annex 17. ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 20. Mr. Mohammad Faisal Md. Saleh presented the Outputs Based on Regional Synthesis, as appears as Annex 18. In his presentation, he showed the current result of regional analysis done by MFRDMD using calculation of Allowable Biological Catch (ABC) Rule (Rule 2-2) for selected areas in SCS and ANS and also the preliminary analysis using Production Model (Fox Model) for selected areas. Dr. Worawit Wanchana supported the finding found by MFRDMD, however raised issue of the accuracy of the data due to data fluctuations to be used for upcoming JTF VII project. Mr. Mohammad Faisal Md. Saleh responded that MFRDMD have taken note on the mentioned issue, nevertheless the main constraints to get more precise and accurate data were cost and manpower. Chief of MFRDMD then reminded and emphasized Member Countries to follow the right steps during data collections for sake of data accuracy. Mr. Ronnie Romero recommended to come out with standardized method with different modelling to accommodate various situation data. Prof. Dr. Takashi Matsuishi stressed on the precision of data input in order to improve the results’ effectiveness. He also added that the regional analysis can be considered as a scientific trial however it is not enough to be used as a scientific evidence for management of pelagic fishes in each Member Countries. 21. Prof. Dr. Takashi Matsuishi presented results from Land Based Survey conducted in 2017 and 2018 on East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (ECPM). His presentation received some comments from Mr. Abu Talib bin Ahmad on extra analysis of statistical data but cautioned on the accuracy of the data used. His presentation appears as Annex 19. 22. Prof. Dr. Takashi Matsuishi continued with his second presentation on Latest Topic of Stock Assessment, as in Annex 20. In his presentation, he reviewed the feedback on fisheries management strategy applied for mixed species data. The Feedback Control Management is applicable to mixed species data and poor data situation, which seems to be fit with current situation of purse seine fisheries in the Southeast Asian region. At the end of his presentation, he also stated that multi-gear situation fishery management should be considered for the sake of sustainable fishery. 246 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 23. Chief of MFRDMD presented the Fishery Management Plan (FMP) for Small Pelagic in the South China Sea. In his presentation, he explained the requirements needed to execute a successful FMP. He emphasized the need to consider the multiple aspects and issues related to the targeted fishery management plan. Implementation arrangements for FMP also were briefly described. His presentation appears as Annex 21. 24. Prof. Dr. Takashi Matsuishi continued with his presentation on Possible Management Measures for Purse Seine Fisheries in ASEAN Region, as in Annex 22. In his presentation, he explained some issues on different condition between biomass and MSY relationship due to high productivity to some cases. Mr. Abu Talib Ahmad then highlighted on the observation of the multispecies scenarios of the purse seine fisheries. He emphasized on the use of standardized efforts for management purposes. Prof. Dr. Takashi Matsuishi was cautious in using the standardized efforts because it will causes the FMP to become more complicated, as FMP involves multi-gears, however he will look further regarding this matter. Dr. Kenji Taki suggested special consideration on species with lower intrinsic rate (r) species (e.g. Thunnus tonggol) and Prof. Dr. Takashi Matsuishi agreed to use multispecies management with special care for the status of tuna-like and shark species with lower intrinsic rate (r) from his simulations. MFRDMD agreed on the need to consider the suggestion for more examinations before develop management plans in the regions. Mr. Ronnie Romero also added the Ecosystem Approach Fisheries Management (EAFM) can also be considered by including the human components, ecological and good governance in developing FMP. All meeting members agreed that developing a FMP is not an easy step and will take some time before it is stabilized, nevertheless MFRDMD will get fully support from all Member Countries on this matter. WAY FORWARD 25. Deputy Chief of MFRDMD, Dr. Kenji Taki presented the summary of the meeting and the way forward or actions need to be taken for this project, as appears in Annex 23. In addition, Dr. Worawit Wanchana mentioned the need of the otolith/age determination study for as it is beneficial to many people and will attracts innumerable personnel to conduct the study.Therefore, he suggested to include this study in the next project (JTF VII) project. MFRDMD responded that some of their officials will attend a course arranged by national university for learning capacity on this matter. The meeting also discussed the consideration for other minor operating gears if needed, depending on the percentage of catch. Lastly. Dr. Kenji Taki suggested to include the trawl catch in the future project, subjects to the budget availability. 247 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Man agement Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center 26. A few points had been highlighted in general discussion for management strategies such as: i) Deputy Chief of MFRDMD questioned which type of production model needs to be used for the regional analysis. As response, Prof. Dr. Takashi Matsuishi stated that Schaefer Model will be preferred because sometimes Fox Model produces ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 exceeded value or too optimistic for fMSY. ii) Members of the meeting have been reminded again on the importance of standardized method development for analyzing their own data management before FMP to be developed. CLOSING SESSION 27. Closing remark was delivered by Deputy Chief of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD. He conveyed his thanks to all the participants, resource persons and secretariat of the meeting for their hard works and contributions to the workshop, which were very much helpful for upgrading the purse seine fisheries management in the SEA region. His closing remarks appear as Annex 24. 248 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Fish for the People (2017; Volume 15; Number 3) Managing Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region: a joint effort among ASEAN Member States Mohammad Faisal Md. Saleh, Wahidah Mohd Arshaad, Raja Bidin Raja Hassan, Noorul Azliana Jamaludin, and Nurul Nadwa Abdul Fatah 249 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Man agement Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 250 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 251 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Man agement Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Fish for the People (2016; Volume 14; Number 1) Purse Seine Fisheries in Southeast Asian Countries: A Regional Synthesis Raja Bidin Raja Hassan and Abdul Razak Latun ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 252 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 253 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Man agement Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 254 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 255 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Man agement Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 256 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 257 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Man agement Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 258 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 259 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Man agement Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 260 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Appendix III. List of Participants Attending Meetings and Workshops THE 1st REGIONAL CORE EXPERT MEETING ON COMPARATIVE STUDY ON PURSE SEINE FISHERY IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN REGION 26 - 28 August 2014, Furama Hotel, Kuala Lumpur BRUNEI DARUSSALAM 1 Mrs. Hajah Noorizan Haji Fisheries Department Abd Karim Ministry of Industry and Primary Resources Head, Capture Fisheries Marine Fisheries Complex Industry Division Simpang 287-53 Jalan Peranginan Pantai Serasa Kampong Serasa Brunei Darussalam Muara BT1728 Brunei Darussalam Tel : 673-2770066/7/8/9 Ext: 125 Fax : 673-2770065 E-mail: noorizan_karim@fisheries.gov.bn noor6263@gmail.com 2 Ms. Nur Aqilah Timbang Fisheries Department Assistant Fisheries Officer Ministry of Industry and Primary Resources Marine Fisheries Complex Simpang 287-53 Jalan Peranginan Pantai Serasa Kampong Serasa Brunei Darussalam Muara BT1728 Brunei Darussalam Tel : 673-2770066/7/8/9 Ext : 152 Fax : 673-2770065 E-mail: aqilah.timbang@gmail.com CAMBODIA 3 Dr. Chea Tharith Fishery Administration, Deputy Director of the Marine # 186, Preach Norodom, Sangkat Tonle Bassac, Fisheries Research and Khan Chamcar Mon, Development Institute Blvd. P.O. Box 582, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (MaFReDI) of Fisheries Tel: +855 11467648 Administration E-mail: cheatharith88@gmail.com 4 Mr. Chhuon Kimchhea Fishery Administration, Deputy Director of # 186, Preach Norodom, Sangkat Tonle Bassac, Department of Fisheries Khan Chamcar Mon, Affairs Blvd. P.O. Box 582, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Tel: +85517272896 E-mail: kimchhea@yahoo.com 261 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Managem ent Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center INDONESIA 5 Mr. Duto Nugroho Research Centre for Fisheries Management and Fisheries Biologist Conservation, Agency for Marine Fisheries Research and Development, Balitbang KP II Building, 2nd Floor Jl. Pasir Putih II, Ancol Timur ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Jakarta 14430 Tel. : 62-21-64700928 ext: 1132 Fax : 62-21- 64700929 E-mail: dutonugroho@gmail.com 5 Mr. Suwarso Research Institute for Marine Fisheries, Jakarta, Fisheries Biologist Indonesia Tel : +62-21-660 2044/ +62-852-1698 0875 Fax : +62-21-64700929 E-mail: swarsorimf@gmail.com MALAYSIA 6 Mr. Jamil Musel Fisheries Research Institute Sarawak Research Officer Jalan Perbadanan, Bintawa Peti Surat 2243 93744 Kuching Sarawak, Malaysia Tel: +082 33 4144 / +6013 8097132 Fax: +082 33 1281 E-mail: jamilmusel@dof.gov.my deemsebakau@gmail.com 7 Mr. Mohd Zamani Nayan Ibu Pejabat Perikanan, Research Officer Jabatan Perikanan Sabah, Aras 4, Blok B, Wisma Pertanian Sabah, Jalan Tasik Luyang (Off Jln. Maktab Gaya), 88624 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia Tel: +088 23 5966 / +6013 549 4110 Fax : +088 24 0511 E-mail: mzamani.nayan@gmail.com mohdzamani.nayan@sabah.gov.my 8 Mr. Sallehudin Jamon Bahagian Penyelidikan Perikanan Tangkapan Research Officer Fisheries Research Institute Kg. Acheh (FRIKA), Kompleks Perikanan Kg. Acheh, 32000 Setiawan Perak, Malaysia Tel: +605 691 4752 Fax: +605 691 4742 E-mail: sallehudin_jamon@dof.gov.my dinjamon@rocketmail.com 262 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 9 Mr. Abdul Wahab Abdullah Bahagian Penyelidikan Perikanan Tangkapan Research Officer Fisheries Research Institute Kg. Acheh (FRIKA), Kompleks Perikanan Kg. Acheh, 32000 Setiawan Perak, Malaysia Tel: +605 691 4752 Fax: +605 691 4742 E-mail: wahab@dof.gov.my wahab@ymail.com MYANMAR 10 Mr. Than Chaung District Fisheries Department, Assistant Director Thandure District, 8516909 Tel : 0095-98516909 11 Mr. Soe Myint Thein Department of Fisheries, Fishery Officer Sin-Min Road, Ahlone Township, Yangon, Myanmar Tel : +059-01-222962, 95-01-22824 0095-9428123629 Fax : 95-67-418536 E-mail : soemyintthein.dof@gmail.com PHILIPPINES 12 Mr. Prudencio B. Belga BFAR RFO 7, Aquaculturist II Arelldho Bwd, Cebu City, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, PCA Compound, Elliptical Road, Quezon City, Philippines. Tel : (02) 9299597/9295847 Fax : (02) 9298074 (032) 2562776/ 2562772 E-mail : pbdgjr@yahoo.com.ph THAILAND 13 Mr. Pirochana Saikliang Marine Fisheries Research & Development Senior Expert on Marine Bureau, Fisheries Department Of Fisheries, Thailand Tel : 66 25612962 Fax : 66 25612962 E-mail : pirochas@hotmail.com 14 Ms. Sampan Panjarat Andaman Sea Fisheries Research & Senior Fisheries Biologist Development Center (Phuket), 44 Sakdidej Rd, Vichit Sub-District Maung Phuket, 83000 Thailand. Tel : +66 46 391138 Fax : +66 46 391139 E-mail : spanjarat@yahoo.com 263 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development C enter VIET NAM 15 Mr. Nguyen Viet Nghia Research Institute for Marine Fisheries (RIMF), Head, Dept. of Marine 224 Le Lai Street Fisheries Resources Hai Phong City, Viet Nam Tel: +84-316-579528 Cellular Phone: (00)84-982-728365 Facsimile : +84-313-836812 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 E-mail: nvnghia@rimf.org.vn 16 Mr. Pham Hung Department of Capture Fisheries and Resources Protection Fisheries Administration, 10 Nguyen Cong Hoan, Ba Dinh, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel : +84-37711579 Fax : +84-4-37345120/37245374 E-mail : hungfam83@gmail.com RESOURCE PERSONS 17 Prof. Dr. Matsuishi Takashi Faculty of Fisheries Sciences Fritz Hokkaido University Resource Person 3-1-1 Minato, Hokodate, Hokkaido 041-8611 Japan Tel: +81 138 40 58580557 Fax: +81 138 40 85855075 Email: phhttopc:/o/benita.l@y/f2ifsrhit.zhokudai.ec.jp http://bit.ly/2fritz 18 Ms. Mari Yoda Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Resource Person Fisheries Research Agency, Taira-machi 1551-8, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 851-2213, JAPAN Tel : +81-95-860-1600 Fax : +81-95-850-7767 E-mail : myoda@affrc.go.jp 19 Dr. Alias Man Fisheries Research Institute Senior Research Officer Batu Maung, Penang, Malaysia. Tel : 05-6912093 Fax : 05-6914742 E-mail : alias01@seafdec.org.my 20 Mr. Ibrahim Johari Fisheries Research Institute Senior Research Officer Batu Maung, Penang, Malaysia. Tel : 04-6263925 E-mail : ibrahimj@seafdec.org.my ibrahimjohari@yahoo.com 264 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 SEAFDEC Secretariat 21 Dr. Somboon SEAFDEC Secretariat Siriraksophon 50 Department of Fisheries Policy and Progam Ladyao, Chatuchak Coordinator Bangkok 10900, Thailand Tel : +66 2940 6333 (Direct Line) +66 2940 6326 Ext. 110 Fax : +66 2940 1602 Cell Phone: +66 819003361 E-mail : somboon@seafdec.org ssiriraksophon63@gmail.com 22 Mr. Tsuyoshi Iwata SEAFDEC Secretariat, 50 Department of Fisheries, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand Tel :+66 2940 6326 Fax :+66 2940 6336 E-mail : iwata@seafdec.org SEAFDEC/TD 23 Dr. Worawit Wanchana SEAFDEC Training Department, Head of Capture Fishery P.O. Box 97, Phrasamutchedi, Technology Division Samut Prakan, 10290, Thailand Tel : (66-2) 4256140 Fax : 88 6 4256110 E-mail: worawit@seafdec.org 24 Ms. Siriporn Pangsorn SEAFDEC Training Department, Fishing Ground Information P.O. Box 97, Phrasamutchedi, Scientist Samut Prakan 10290, Thailand Tel : (66-2) 4256140 ext 144 Fax : (66-2) 4256100-1 E-mail : psiriporn@seafdec.org SEAFDEC/MFRDFMD 25 Mr. Mahyam Mohd. Isa SEAFDEC Marine Fishery Resources Chief of Development and Management Department SEAFDEC/MFRDMD (MFRDMD) Taman Perikanan Chendering 21080 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia Tel: +609 6175940, 6177867 Fax: +609 6175136 E-mail: mahyam@seafdec.org.my 26 Dr. Masaya Katoh E-mail: katoh@seafdec.org.my Deputy Chief of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD 265 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development C enter 27 Mr. Raja Bidin bin Raja E-mail: rbidin@seafdec.org.my Hassan Special Departmental Coordinator (Project Coordinator) 28 Mr. Abdul Razak Latun E-mail: abdulrazaklatun@seafdec.org.my ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Head of Oceonography and Resource Enhancement Section 29 Ms. Wahidah Mohd E-mail: wahidah@seafdec.org.my Arshaad Senior Research Officer 30 Ms. Mazalina Ali E-mail: mazalina@seafdec.org.my Senior Research Officer 31 Mr. Mohammad Faisal Md. E-mail: mfaisal@seafdec.org.my Saleh Senior Research Officer 33 Ms. Noorul Azliana E-mail: noorul@seafdec.org.my Jamaludin Research Officer 34 Mr. Tamimi Ali Ahmad E-mail: tamimi@seafdec.org.my Research Officer 35 Mr. Nadzri Seman E-mail: nadzri@seafdec.org.my Secretariat of the Meeting 36 Mr. Adam Luke Pugas E-mail: adamlp@seafdec.org.my Secretariat of the Meeting 37 Mr. Mohd Ridzuwan Rahim E-mail: ridzuwan@seafdec.org.my Secretariat of the Meeting 38 Ms. Sharifah Nurulasma Email: nurulasma@seafdec.org.my Sayed Mohd Yatim Secretariat of the Meeting 266 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 THE 2nd REGIONAL CORE EXPERT MEETING ON COMPARATIVE STUDIES FOR MANAGEMENT OF PURSE SEINE FISHERIES IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN REGION 09 – 11 August 2016 , Furama Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia CAMBODIA 1 Dr. Chea Tharith Fishery Administration, Deputy Director of the Marine P.O.BOX: 582 # 186, Fisheries Research and Norodom Blvd, Phnom Penh Development Institute Cambodia (MaFReDI) of Fisheries Tel: 855 12 467 648 Administration E-mail: cheatharith88@gmail.com INDONESIA 2 Mr. Duto Nugroho Center for Fisheries Research & Development Fisheries Officer 2nd Building of AMFRD Jalan Pasir Putih II, Ancol Timur Jakarta Indonesia Tel: +62 21 647 00928 Fax: +62 21 647 00929 E-mail: dutonugroho@gmail.com LAO PDR 3 Mr. Phouthong Singhakham Nam Ngum Reservoir Fisheries Center, Division of Agriculture and Forestry Vientiane Province P.O. Box 6644, Vientiane 01000 Lao PDR Tel: 856 23 431 024 E-mail: SINGHAKHAM59@hotmail.com MALAYSIA 4 Mr. Jamil Musel Fisheries Research Institute Sarawak Research Officer Jalan Perbadanan, Bintawa Peti Surat 2243 93744 Kuching Sarawak, Malaysia Tel: +082 33 4144 Fax: +082 33 1281 E-mail: sebakau@yahoo.com.my deemsebakau@gmail.com 5 Mr. Mohd Zamani Nayan Pusat Penyelidikan Perikanan Likas Research Officer 89400 Likas Sabah, Malaysia Tel: +088 42 8416 E-mail: MohdZamani.Nayan@sabah.gov.my 6 Mr. Sallehudin Jamon Bahagian Penyelidikan Perikanan Tangkapan 267 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development C enter Research Officer Fisheries Research Institute Kg. Acheh (FRIKA), Kompleks Perikanan Kg. Acheh, 32000 Setiawan Perak, Malaysia Tel: +605 691 2093 Fax: +605 691 4742 E-mail: sallehudin_jamon@dof.gov.my ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 7 Mr. Abdul Wahab Abdullah Bahagian Penyelidikan Perikanan Tangkapan Research Officer Fisheries Research Institute Kg. Acheh (FRIKA), Kompleks Perikanan Kg. Acheh, 32000 Setiawan Perak, Malaysia Tel: +605 691 2093 Fax: +605 691 4742 E-mail: wahab@ymail.com PHILIPPINES 8 Mr. Napoleon Salvador J. PCA Building ANNEY, DILIMAN, Quezon Lamarca City, Philippines. Aquaculturist II Tel: +632 929 4296 Fax: +632 929 4296 E-mail: nsjlamarca@yahoo.com 9 Mr. Francisco Torres, Jr. Corporate 101 Bldg., 101 Mother Ignacia St., Aquaculturist I Brgy. South Triangle, Quezon City, Philippines. National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI) Tel: +632 376 1178 Fax: +632 372 5063 / 376 1178 E-mail: francisco_torresjr@yahoo.com THAILAND 10 Ms. Sampan Panjarat Andaman Sea Fisheries Research and Fishery Biologist, Senior Development Center Professional Level 77 Sakdidej Rd., Vichit Sub-District Muang District, Phuket 83000 Thailand Tel: +66 7639 1138 / 7639 1140 Fax: +66 7639 1139 E-mail: spanjarat@yahoo.com 11 Mr. Nuntachai Boonjorn Chumphon Marine Fisheries Research and Fishery Biologist, Development Center (DOF) Professional Level 408 Moo 8, Paknam, Muang, Chumphon 86120, Thailand Tel: +668 1916 2971 / +667 7522 006 Email: nuntachai_b@yahoo.com 268 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 VIETNAM 12 Ms. Nguyen Tien Thang Directorate of Fisheries No 10 Nguyen Cong Haan, Ba Dinh District Hanoi, Vietnam Tel: 084 09 8307 8117 E-mail: thangcomeon@gmail.com 13 Mr. Phan Dang Liem Research Institute for Marine Fisheries (RIMF) 224 Le Lai Street Hai Phong City Viet Nam Tel: 084 09 8376 7469 Fax: 084 34 3836 612 E-mail: pdliemrimf@gmail.com RESOURCE PERSON 14 Dr. Matsuishi Takashi Fritz 3-1-1 Minato, Hokodate, Hokkaido 041-8611 Japan Tel: +81 138 40 85855075 http://bit.ly/2fritz 15 Mohd Noor Nordin Marine Resource Management Division Department of Fisheries Level1, Block 4G2, Wisma Tani, 62628 Putrajaya Tel: +603 8870 4401 / 012 6784028 Fax: +603 8889 1233 E-mail: mnn@dof.gov.my 16 Prof. Emeritus Dr. Mohd Tropical Aquaculture Institute Azmi Ambak University Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) Director of Tropical 21030 Kuala Terengganu Aquaculture Institute Terengganu, Malaysia Tel: +609 668 3501 Fax: +609 668 3390 E-mail: ambak@umt.edu.my OBSERVER 17 Wu Dengke 3-1-1 Minato, Hokodate, Hokkaido 041-8611 Japan Tel: +81 138 40 5585 E-mail: wu.dengke@fish.hokaido.ac.jp 269 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Managem ent Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center SEAFDEC Secretariat 18 Dr. Somboon Siriraksophon SEAFDEC Secretariat Policy and Program 50 Department of Fisheries Coordinator Ladyao, Chatuchale Bangkok 10900, Thailand Tel: +66 29406333 Fax: +66 29401602 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 E-mail: somboon@seafdec.org SEAFDEC/TD 19 Sutee Rajruchithong SEAFDEC Training Department (TD) P.O. Box 97, Phasamutchedi Samut Prakan 10290, Thailand Tel : +662 4256 170 Fax : +662 4256 110 E-mail: sutee@seafdec.org SEAFDEC/MFRDMD 20 Ahmad Adnan Nuruddin SEAFDEC Marine Fishery Resources Chief of Development and Management Department SEAFDEC/MFRDMD (MFRDMD) Taman Perikanan Chendering 21080 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia Tel: +609 6175940, 6177867 Fax: +609 6175136 E-mail: adnan@seafdec.org.my 21 Dr. Osamu Abe E-mail: abe@seafdec.org.my Deputy Chief of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD 22 Raja Bidin Raja Hassan E-mail: rbidin@seafdec.org.my Special Departmental Coordinator for MFRDMD Biology and Resource Assessment Section 23 Wahidah Mohd Arshaad E-mail: wahidah@seafdec.org.my Head of Biology and Genetics Unit 24 Mohammad Faisal Md. E-mail: mfaisal@seafdec.org.my Saleh Head of Resource Assessment Unit 25 Abdul Aziz Yusof E-mail: abdulaziz@seafdec.org.my Senior Assistant Research Officer Information Management Unit 270 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 26 Kamariah Ismail E-mail: kamariah@seafdec.org.my Senior Assistant Research Officer Resource Assessment Unit 27 Adam Luke Pugas E-mail: adamlp@seafdec.org.my Assistant Research Officer Biology and Genetics Unit 28 Mohd Ridzuwan Rahim E-mail: ridzuwan@seafdec.org.my Assistant Accountant Financial Unit 271 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development C enter THE 3RD CORE EXPERT MEETING ON COMPARATIVE STUDIES FOR PURSE SEINE FISHERIES IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN REGION 12 – 14 September 2017, Furama Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia CAMBODIA ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 1 Dr. Chea Tharith Fishery Administration, Deputy Director of the Marine # 186, Preach Norodom, Sangkat Tonle Bassac, Fisheries Research and Khan Chamcar Mon, Development Institute Blvd. P.O. Box 582, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (MaFReDI) of Fisheries Tel: 855 12 467 648 Administration E-mail: cheatharith88@gmail.com 2 Mr. Tum Pothea Officer of Kampong Som Fishery Administration, Fishery Administration (in # 186, Preach Norodom, Sangkat Tonle Bassac, charge of data collection) Khan Chamcar Mon, Blvd. P.O. Box 582, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Tel: 855 70 478 203 E-mail: tumpothea@gmail.com INDONESIA 3 Mr. Suwarso Research Institute for Marine Fisheries, Kamp. Raiser Ikan Hias, Jl. Raya Bogor, KM. 49, Nanggewer Mekar, Ciburiong Bogor Tel: +62 852 1698 0875 E-mail: swarsorimf@gmail.com 4 Mr. Imron Rosyidi Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Director General of Capture Jl. Medan MerdekaTimur No. 16, Fisheries, MMAF Mina Bahari Building 2 (9th Floor), Jakarta 10110, Indonesia Tel: +62 858 1154 6766 Fax: +6221 352 0726 E-mail: r_impong@yahoo.com 5 Mr. Purwan Sugiyanto Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Direktorat Fishing Vessel and Fishing Gear, Jl. Medan MerdekaTimur No. 16, Mina Bahari Building 2 (9th Floor), Jakarta 10110, Indonesia Tel: 0812 8713 4562 Fax: +6221 352 0726 E-mail: purwan_sugiyanto@gmail.com 272 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 MALAYSIA 6 Mr. Jamil Musel Fisheries Research Institute Sarawak Research Officer Jalan Perbadanan, Bintawa Peti Surat 2243 93744 Kuching Sarawak, Malaysia Tel: +082 33 4144 / +6013 8097132 Fax: +082 33 1281 E-mail: jamilmusel@dof.gov.my deemsebakau@gmail.com 7 Mr. Mohd Zamani Nayan Ibu Pejabat Perikanan, Research Officer Jabatan Perikanan Sabah, Aras 4, Blok B, Wisma Pertanian Sabah, Jalan Tasik Luyang (Off Jln. Maktab Gaya), 88624 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia Tel: +088 23 5966 / +6013 549 4110 Fax : +088 24 0511 E-mail: mzamani.nayan@gmail.com mohdzamani.nayan@sabah.gov.my 8 Mr. Sallehudin Jamon Bahagian Penyelidikan Perikanan Tangkapan Research Officer Fisheries Research Institute Kg. Acheh (FRIKA), Kompleks Perikanan Kg. Acheh, 32000 Setiawan Perak, Malaysia Tel: +605 691 4752 Fax: +605 691 4742 E-mail: sallehudin_jamon@dof.gov.my dinjamon@rocketmail.com 9 Mr. Abdul Wahab Abdullah Bahagian Penyelidikan Perikanan Tangkapan Research Officer Fisheries Research Institute Kg. Acheh (FRIKA), Kompleks Perikanan Kg. Acheh, 32000 Setiawan Perak, Malaysia Tel: +605 691 4752 Fax: +605 691 4742 E-mail: wahab@dof.gov.my wahab@ymail.com MYANMAR 10 Mr. Julius Kyaw Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Irrigation, Building No. (36), Ministerial Zone, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar Tel: +09 519 2876 Fax: +043 202 2406 E-mail: joker.007.kyaw@gmail.com 273 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development C enter 11 Mr. Naing Win Thein Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Irrigation, Building No. (36), Ministerial Zone, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar Tel: +09 592 5060 0646 Fax: +043 202 2406 E-mail: naingwintheindof@gmail.com ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 PHILIPPINES 12 Mr. Ronnie O. Romero National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), 101 Corporate BLDG, Mother Ignacia Avenue, South Triangle, Quezon City, Philippines Tel: +632 376 1138 Fax: +632 376 1138 E-mail: ronnsromero@yahoo.com 13 Ms. Grace De Veyra Lopez National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), 101 Corporate BLDG, Mother Ignacia Avenue, South Triangle, Quezon City, Philippines Tel: +632 376 1178 Fax: +632 376 1178 / +632 372 5063 E-mail: gmvlopez@yahoo.com gmvlopez60@gmail.com THAILAND 14 Dr. Watcharapong Fishing Technnology Development Unit, Chumchuen Department of Fisheries, 50 Plodprasap th Building 6 Floor, Phahol Yothin Road, Lad Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900 Thailand Tel: +66 84 195 4449 Fax: +66 2 561 0880 E-mail: w.chumchuen@fisheries.go.th 15 CDR. Pornchai Singhaboon, Department of Fisheries, RTN Phosprasop 7th Floor, Kasetsart University Campus, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900 Thailand Tel: +66 2 940 6148 Fax: +66 2 940 6148 Email: pornslek@hotmail.com VIET NAM 16 Mr. Pham Van Tuyen Research Institute for Marine Fisheries (RIMF), 224 Le Lai Street Hai Phong City, Viet Nam Tel: 09 86 568 189 / +084 986 568 189 E-mail: pvtuyenvhs@gmail.com pvtuyen@rimf.org.vn 274 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 17 Mr. Nguyen Dang Kien Department of Capture Fisheries, No. 10 Nguyen Cong Hoon Street, Ba Dinh District, Hanoi, Viet Nam Tel: +084 967 503 866 E-mail: nguyendangkien2001@gmail.com RESOURCE PERSON 18 Dr. Matsuishi Takashi Fritz 3-1-1 Minato, Hokodate, Hokkaido 041-8611 Japan Tel: +81 138 40 58580557 Email: hpthtpo:c/o/beint.al@y/2fifsrhit.zhokudai.ec.jp http://bit.ly/2fritz SEAFDEC/TD 19 Mr. Sutee Rajruchithong SEAFDEC Training Department (TD) P.O. Box 97, Phasamutchedi Samut Prakan 10290, Thailand Tel : +662 4256 100 Fax : +662 4256 110-1 E-mail: sutee@seafdec.org SEAFDEC/MFRDMD 20 Mr. Raja Bidin bin Raja SEAFDEC Marine Fishery Resources Hassan Development and Management Department Chief of (MFRDMD) SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Taman Perikanan Chendering 21080 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia Tel: +609 6175940, 6177867 Fax: +609 6175136 E-mail: rbidin@seafdec.org.my 21 Dr. Kenji Taki Deputy Chief of E-mail: taki@seafdec.org.my SEAFDEC/MFRDMD 22 Ms. Wahidah Mohd Arshaad E-mail: wahidah@seafdec.org.my Head of Biology and Genetics Unit 23 Ms. Mazalina Ali Head of Fishery Resources E-mail: mazalina@seafdec.org.my Management Advisory Section 24 Mr. Mohammad Faisal Md. Saleh E-mail: mfaisal@seafdec.org.my Project Coordinator of JTF6 25 Ms. Noorul Azliana Jamaludin E-mail: noorul@seafdec.org.my 275 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Managem ent Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Research Officer of Biology and Genetics Unit 26 Mr. Adam Luke Pugas Assistant Research Officer of E-mail: adamlp@seafdec.org.my Biology and Genetics Unit 27 Mr. Ahmad Firdaus Siregar ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 bin Abdullah E-mail: afirdaus@seafdec.org.my Assistant Research Officer of Information Management Unit 276 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 THE 4TH CORE EXPERT MEETING ON COMPARATIVE STUDIES FOR PURSE SEINE FISHERIES IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN REGION 18-19 September 2018, Melia Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia BRUNEI DARUSSALAM 1 Mr. Sheikh Al-Idrus Sheikh Kompleks Perikanan Muara Nikman Simpang 287-53 Fisheries Officer Jalan Peranginan Pantai Serasa Kampung Serasa Brunei Darussalam Muara BT1728, Negara Brunei Darussalam Tel: +673 2770066 Fax : +673 2770065 E-mail: idrus.nikman@fisheries.gov.bn 2 Mr. Marzini Hj. Zulkipli Kompleks Perikanan Muara Assistant Fisheries Officer Simpang 287-53 Jalan Peranginan Pantai Serasa Kampung Serasa Brunei Darussalam Muara BT1728, Negara Brunei Darussalam Tel: +673 8902054 Fax : +673 2770065 E-mail: marzini.zulkipli@gmail.com CAMBODIA 3 Dr. Chea Tharith Fishery Administration, Deputy Director of the Marine # 186, Preach Norodom, Sangkat Tonle Bassac, Fisheries Research and Khan Chamcar Mon, Development Institute Blvd. P.O. Box 582, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (MaFReDI) of Fisheries Tel: +855 11467648 Administration E-mail: cheatharith88@gmail.com 4 Mr. Chhuon Kimchhea Deputy Director of Fishery Administration, Department of Fisheries # 186, Preach Norodom, Sangkat Tonle Bassac, Affairs Khan Chamcar Mon, Blvd. P.O. Box 582, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Tel: +85517272896 E-mail: Kimchhea@yahoo.com MALAYSIA 5 Mr. Jamil Musel Fisheries Research Institute Sarawak Research Officer Jalan Perbadanan, Bintawa Peti Surat 2243 93744 Kuching Sarawak, Malaysia Tel: +082 33 4144 / +6013 8097132 Fax: +082 33 1281 E-mail: jamilmusel@dof.gov.my deemsebakau@gmail.com 277 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Managem ent Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center 6 Mr. Mohd Zamani Nayan Ibu Pejabat Perikanan, Research Officer Jabatan Perikanan Sabah, Aras 4, Blok B, Wisma Pertanian Sabah, Jalan Tasik Luyang (Off Jln. Maktab Gaya), 88624 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia Tel: +088 23 5966 / +6013 549 4110 Fax : +088 24 0511 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 E-mail: mzamani.nayan@gmail.com mohdzamani.nayan@sabah.gov.my 7 Mr. Sallehudin Jamon Bahagian Penyelidikan Perikanan Tangkapan Research Officer Fisheries Research Institute Kg. Acheh (FRIKA), Kompleks Perikanan Kg. Acheh, 32000 Setiawan Perak, Malaysia Tel: +605 691 4752 Fax: +605 691 4742 E-mail: sallehudin_jamon@dof.gov.my dinjamon@rocketmail.com 8 Mr. Abdul Wahab Abdullah Bahagian Penyelidikan Perikanan Tangkapan Research Officer Fisheries Research Institute Kg. Acheh (FRIKA), Kompleks Perikanan Kg. Acheh, 32000 Setiawan Perak, Malaysia Tel: +605 691 4752 Fax: +605 691 4742 E-mail: wahab@dof.gov.my wahab@ymail.com MYANMAR 9 Mr. Myint Shwe Head Office Tanintharyi Region Deputy Director of DOF Department of Fisheries (DOF) Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Irrigation, Building No. (36), Ministerial Zone, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar Tel: +095 9449004650 Fax: +043 9449559535 E-mail: myintshwedo5@gmail.com 10 Mr. Aung Moe Kyaw Department of Fisheries (DOF), Deputy Fishery Officer of Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and DOF Irrigation, Building No. (36), Ministerial Zone, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar Tel: +095 95092289 Fax: +095 673408477 E-mail: aungmoekyawdof@gmail.com 278 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 PHILIPPINES 11 Mr. Fileonor O. Eleserio Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Senior Aquaculturist 3rd Floor, PCA Building, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines Tel: +63 02 929 4296 E-mail: Releserio@yahoo.com 12 Mr. Ronnie O. Romero National Fisheries Research and Development Aquaculturist I Institute (NFRDI), 101 Corporate BLDG, Mother Ignacia Avenue, South Triangle, Quezon City, Philippines Tel: +632 352 3596 Fax: +632 352 3596 E-mail: ronnsromero@yahoo.com THAILAND 13 Dr. Watcharapong Marine Fisheries Research and Development Chumchuen Division, Department of Fisheries, Fisheries Biologist, MFRD 50 Phahol Yothin, Lad Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900 Thailand Tel: +66 2 561 0880 Fax: +66 2 561 0880 E-mail: w.chumchuen@fisheries.go.th 14 Dr. Pavarot Marine Fisheries Research and Development Noranarttragoon Division, Department of Fisheries, Fisheries Biologist, MFRD 50 Phahol Yothin, Lad Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900 Thailand Tel: +66 81 735 3431 Fax: +66 2 940 6148 Email: pavarotn@gmail.com VIET NAM 15 Mr. Pham Van Tuyen Research Institute for Marine Fisheries (RIMF), Researcher of RIMF 224 Le Lai Street Hai Phong City, Viet Nam Tel: +084 986 568 189 E-mail: pvtuyenvhs@gmail.com pvtuyen@rimf.org.vn 16 Mr. Vu Van Tam Directorate of Fisheries (D-Fish), Officer of Capture Fisheries No. 10 Nguyen Cong Hoon Street, Ba Dinh Department District, Hanoi, Viet Nam Tel: +084 24 3834 5953 E-mail: bgvantam@gmail.com 279 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development C enter RESOURCE PERSONS 17 Prof. Dr. Matsuishi Takashi Faculty of Fisheries Sciences Fritz Hokkaido University Resource Person 3-1-1 Minato, Hokodate, Hokkaido 041-8611 Japan Tel: +81 138 40 58580557 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Fax: +81 138 40 85855075 Email: phhttopc:o//ebnita.l@y/f2ifsrhi.thzokudai.ec.jp http://bit.ly/2fritz 18 Mr. Abu Talib No. 142 Persiaran Mayang Pasir Resource Person MK12. Bandar Bayan Baru 11950 Bayan Lepas, Pulau Pinang. Email: abutalib.ata@gmail.com SEAFDEC Secretariat 19 Dr. Worawit Wanchana SEAFDEC Secretariat P.O. Box 1046 Kasetsart Post Office, Chatuchak Bangkok, 10903, Thailand Tel : +66 29 406 326 Ext. 110 Fax : +66 29 406 326 E-mail: worawit@seafdec.org SEAFDEC/TD 20 Mr. Supapong SEAFDEC Training Department (TD) Pattarapongpan P.O. Box 97, Phasamutchedi Samut Prakan 10290, Thailand Tel : +66 87 156 6230 E-mail: supapong@seafdec.org SEAFDEC/MFRDFMD 21 Mr. Raja Bidin bin Raja SEAFDEC Marine Fishery Resources Hassan Development and Management Department Chief of (MFRDMD) SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Taman Perikanan Chendering 21080 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia Tel: +609 6175940, 6177867 Fax: +609 6175136 E-mail: rbidin@seafdec.org.my 22 Dr. Kenji Taki E-mail: taki@seafdec.org.my Deputy Chief of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD 23 Ms. Wahidah Mohd E-mail: wahidah@seafdec.org.my Arshaad Head of Biology and Genetics Unit 280 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 24 Mr. Mohammad Faisal Md. E-mail: mfaisal@seafdec.org.my Saleh Project Coordinator of JTF6 25 Ms. Noorul Azliana E-mail: noorul@seafdec.org.my Jamaludin Research Officer of Biology and Genetics Unit 26 Mr. Adam Luke Pugas E-mail: adamlp@seafdec.org.my Assistant Research Officer of Biology and Genetics Unit 27 Mr. Ahmad Firdaus Siregar E-mail: afirdaus@seafdec.org.my bin Abdullah Assistant Research Officer of Information Management Unit 281 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development C enter REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON COMPARATIVE STUDIES FOR PURSE SEINE FISHERIES IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN REGION 7-8 Mac 2017, Dorsett Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia CAMBODIA ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 1 Mr. Samreth Sambo Marine Fisheries Research and Development Deputy Director of Marine Institute (MAFReDI), Fisheries Research and Fisheries Administration, Development Institute No. 186 Preah Norodom Blvd, (MAFReDI) P.O. Box: 582, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Tel / Fax: (+855)23 215 470 INDONESIA 2 Mr. Duto Nugroho Research Centre for Fisheries Management and Fisheries Biologist Conservation, Agency for Marine Fisheries Research and Development, Balitbang KP II Building, 2nd Floor Jl. Pasir Putih II, Ancol Timur Jakarta 14430 Phone. : 62-21-64700928 ext: 1132 Fax. : 62-21- 64700929 E-mail: dutonugroho@gmail.com MALAYSIA 3 Mr. Jamil Musel Fisheries Research Institute Sarawak Research Officer Jalan Perbadanan, Bintawa Peti Surat 2243 93744 Kuching Sarawak, Malaysia Tel: +082 33 4144 / +6013 8097132 Fax: +082 33 1281 E-mail: jamilmusel@dof.gov.my deemsebakau@gmail.com 4 Mr. Sallehudin Jamon Bahagian Penyelidikan Perikanan Tangkapan Research Officer Fisheries Research Institute Kg. Acheh (FRIKA), Kompleks Perikanan Kg. Acheh, 32000 Setiawan Perak, Malaysia Tel: +605 691 4752 Fax: +605 691 4742 E-mail: sallehudin_jamon@dof.gov.my dinjamon@rocketmail.com 282 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 MYANMAR 5 Mr. Myint Shwe Head Office Tanintharyi Region Deputy Director of DOF Department of Fisheries (DOF) Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Irrigation, Building No. (36), Ministerial Zone, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar Tel: +095 9449004650 Fax: +043 9449559535 E-mail: myintshwedo5@gmail.com PHILIPPINES 6 Mr. Ronnie O. Romero National Fisheries Research and Development Aquaculturist I Institute (NFRDI), 101 Corporate BLDG, Mother Ignacia Avenue, South Triangle, Quezon City, Philippines Tel: +632 352 3596 Fax: +632 352 3596 E-mail: ronnsromero@yahoo.com THAILAND 7 Dr. Watcharapong Chumchuen Marine Fisheries Research and Development Fisheries Biologist, MFRD Division, Department of Fisheries, 50 Phahol Yothin, Lad Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900 Thailand Tel: +66 2 561 0880 Fax: +66 2 561 0880 E-mail: w.chumchuen@fisheries.go.th VIET NAM 8 Mr. Pham Hung Department of Capture Fisheries and Resources Protection Fisheries Administration, 10 Nguyen Cong Hoan, Ba Dinh, Hanoi, Vietnam. Telephone : +84-37711579 Facsimile : +84-4-37345120/37245374 E-mail: hungfam83@gmail.com RESOURCE PERSONS 9 Prof. Dr. Matsuishi Takashi Faculty of Fisheries Sciences Fritz Hokkaido University Resource Person 3-1-1 Minato, Hokodate, Hokkaido 041-8611 Japan Tel: +81 138 40 85855075 Fax: +81 138 40 85855075 Email: phhttopc:o//ebnita.@ly/f2isfrhi.thzokudai.ec.jp http://bit.ly/2fritz 283 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development C enter OBSERVER 10 Ms. Ledhyane Ika Harlyan Faculty of Fisheries Sciences Hokkaido University 3-1-1 Minato, Hokodate, Hokkaido 041-8611 Japan Tel: +81 138 40 8857 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Fax: +81 138 40 8857 11 Dr. Kenji Taki E-mail: taki@seafdec.org.my SEAFDEC Secretariat 12 Dr. Somboon Siriraksophon SEAFDEC Secretariat P.O. Box 1046 Kasetsart Post Office, Chatuchak Bangkok, 10903, Thailand Tel : +66 29 406 333 Fax : +66 29 406 336 E-mail: somboon@seafdec.org SEAFDEC/TD 13 Mr. Sutee Rajrichitong SEAFDEC Training Department (TD) P.O. Box 97, Phasamutchedi Samut Prakan 10290, Thailand Tel : +662 4256 100 Fax : +662 4256 110-1 E-mail: sutee@seafdec.org 14 Mr. Supapong SEAFDEC Training Department (TD) Pattarapongpan P.O. Box 97, Phasamutchedi Samut Prakan 10290, Thailand Tel : +66 87 156 6230 E-mail: supapong@seafdec.org SEAFDEC/MFRDFMD 15 Mr. Raja Bidin bin Raja SEAFDEC Marine Fishery Resources Hassan Development and Management Department Chief of (MFRDMD) SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Taman Perikanan Chendering 21080 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia Tel: +609 6175940, 6177867 Fax: +609 6175136 E-mail: rbidin@seafdec.org.my 16 Dr. Osamu Abe E-mail: abe@seafdec.org.my Deputy Chief of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD 284 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 17 Mr. Abdul Razak Latun E-mail: abdulrazaklatun@seafdec.org.my Special Departmental Coordinator 18 Mr. Mohammad Faisal Md. E-mail: mfaisal@seafdec.org.my Saleh Project Coordinator of JTF6 19 Mr. Adam Luke Pugas E-mail: adamlp@seafdec.org.my Assistant Research Officer of Biology and Genetics Unit 20 Mr. Ahmad Firdaus Siregar E-mail: afirdaus@seafdec.org.my bin Abdullah Assistant Research Officer of Information Management Unit 285 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development C enter Appendix IV. List of Focal Points for Genetic Study No. Country Name Institution 1. Brunei Mrs. Noorizan Abd Fisheries Department Darussalam Karim Ministry of Industry & Primary Resources Kompleks Perikanan Muara ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Simpang 287-53, Jalan Peranginan Pantai Serasa, Muara BT 1726 E-mail: noor6263@gmail.com 2. Cambodia Mr. Suy Serywath Marine Fisheries Research and Development Institute 186 Norodom Blvd, Sangkat Tonle Basac Khan Chamcar Mon, Phnom Penh Tel: +855 12 710800 Fax: +855 23 219256 E-mail: serywath@gmail.com 3. Indonesia Mr. Thomas Hidayat Research Marine Institute of Marine Fisheries, Balai Penelitian Perikanan Laut Komp Pelabuhan Nizam Zachman, Jln.Muara Baru Ujung Komplek Pelabuhan Perikanan Nizam Zachman, Jakarta Tel: +62 081806043030; +62 216602044 Fax: +62 21 665912 E-mail: thomas.hidayat@yahoo.com Mr. Muhammad Taufik Research Institute for Marine Fisheries Komplek Raiser Jl. Raya Bogor KM.47 Nanggewer Mekar Cibinong-Bogor, Indonesia Tel: +6281314741441 Email: taufik.brpl@gmail.com 4. Malaysia Mr. Sallehudin Bin Fisheries Research Institute, Kampung Acheh, Jamon Kompleks Perikanan, Kg. Acheh, Jabatan Perikanan 32000 Sitiawan Perak, Malaysia Tel: +60 56914752 Fax: +60 56914742 E-mail: sallehudin_jamon@dof.gov.my Mr. Jamil Musel Fisheries Research Institute Sarawak, Jalan Perbadanan, Bintawa, P.O.Box 2243, 93744 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia Tel: +082-334144 Fax: +082-331281 E-mail: jamilmusel@dof.gov.my Department of Fisheries Sabah 286 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Mr. Mohd Zamani Level 4, Block B, Wisma Pertanian Sabah, Nayan Jalan Tasik, 88624 Kota Kinabalu Sabah Tel: +088 235966 Fax: +088-425890 / +088-240511 Email: mohdzamani.nayan@sabah.gov.my 5. Myanmar Dr. Htun Thein Research and Development Division Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Rural Development Sin-Min Road, Ahlone Township, Yangon, Myanmar Telephone : 95 9 5027889 E-mail : htunthein.akyab@gmail.com 6. Philippines Dr. Mudjekeewis D. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Santos PCA Compound, Elliptical Road, Dilman, Quezon City, Philippine Tel.: +639299597 Fax: + 639298074 E-mail: mudjiesantos@gmail.com 7. Thailand Miss Ratanavaree Upper Gulf Marine Fisheries Research and Poonsawat Development Center, Marine Fisheries Technology Research and Development Institute, Marine Fisheries Technology Research and Development Institute Bureau, Thailand Tel.: +66 8 9767 6516 Fax: + 662 940 6558 E-mail: ratvaree@yahoo.com 8. Viet Nam Mr. Nguyen Khac Research Institute for Marine Fisheries Bat 224 Le Lai, Ngo Quyen, Hai Phong, Vietnam Mob: +84-916497967 Fax: +84-31-3836812 Email: nkbat@rimf.org.vn; nkbat2005@gmail.com 287 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development C enter Appendix V. Standard Operating Procedure for Genetic Study of Amblygaster sirm SAMPLING PROCEDURE FOR THE GENETIC STUDY ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 INTRODUCTION This Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) serves as a guideline and main reference for those involve in tissue sample collection in the field at identified sampling/landing sites and tissue preservation either in the field or at laboratory. Collected and preserved samples from the respective country are to be sent via air courier to SEAFDEC/MFRDMD in Malaysia for further laboratory works. SAMPLING SITES Selected species : Amblygaster sirm The complete list of sampling sites as shown in Table 1. Table 77. Sampling sites and number of samples to be collected covering both the South China Sea and the Andaman Sea. No. Country Sampling sites 1. Brunei Darussalam Muara 2. Cambodia Sihanouk Ville 3. Indonesia Banda Acheh Pekalongan 4. Malaysia Kuantan Kuching Kudat Pangkor 5. Myanmar Yangon 6. The Philippines Bataan Palawan 7. Thailand Ranong Songkhla 8. Vietnam Khanh Hoa Nghe An TOTAL 288 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Flow Chart for Tissue Sample Collection Procedure START TAKE PICTURE, WEIGHT AND LENGTH MEASUREMENT FILL UP FORM WASH FORCEP WITH CLEAR WIPE FISH WATER WITH TISSUE PAPER WASH FORCEP WITH 95% ETHANOL CUT FIN CLIP USING STERILE BURN FORCEP SCISSOR PLACE FIN CLIP IN VIAL WITH FORCEP SCREW VIAL CAP SEND TO MFRDMD 289 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Marine Fisheries Resources Development and Management Department ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Tissue Samples Collection Form Country : Sampling area : Species : Total number of samples : Technical Officer In Charge : Agency : E-mail Address : Contact No. : Vial Date of Lat & Sex & Gonad stage No. sampling Long Weight Length (If possible) Remark/s Sex Gonad stage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2901 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 30 31 32 33 34 35 Any enquires please contact: Ms Wahidah binti Mohd Arshaad Research Officer Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department (SEAFDEC-MFRDMD) Fisheries Garden, Chendering 21080 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu. Tel: 609-617 5940 Fax: 609- 617 5136 http://www.seafdec.org.my/seafdecv4E-mail: noorul@seafdec.org.my 2921 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Gonad Stage Five-point Maturity Scale for Partial Spawner Identify sex and gonad stage of fish through visual censes. As for the characteristic of gonad stages, refer to the standard maturity scale as Five-Point Maturity Scale For Partial Spawner. ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Stage State Description I Immature Ovary and testis about 1/3 length of body cavity. Ovaries pinkish, translucent; Testis whitish. Ova not visible to naked eye. II Maturing Ovary and Testis about ½ of body cavity. Ovary pinkish, tanslucent; Testis whitish, more or less symmetrical. Ova not visible to naked eye. III Ripening Ovary and testis about 2/3 of body cavity. Ovary pinkish-yellow colour with granular appearance, Testis whitish to creamy. No transparent or translucent ova visible. IV Ripe Ovary and testis about 2/3 to full length of body cavity. Ovary orange-pink in colour with conspicuous 2923 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 superficial blood vessels. Large transparent, ripe ova visible. Testis whitish-creamy soft. V Spent Ovary and Testis shrunken to about ½ length of body cavity. Wall loose. Ovary may contain remnants of disintegrating opaque and ripe ova, darkened or translucent. Testis blood shot and flabby. 2943 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Appendix VI. Haplotype Distribution mtDNA Cyt b Haplotype No. Samples Identity Hap1 1 SBR01 Hap2 1 SBR02 Hap3 2 SBR03 SBA26 Hap4 1 SBR04 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Hap5 10 SBR05 SBR24 SKD18 SKT07 SPL22 SPL23 SSL01 SSL31 SZB07 SZB11 Hap6 34 SBR06 SBR08 SBR13 SBR15 SBR16 SBR33 SKC03 SKC09 SKC20 SKC24 SKD03 SKD20 SKD26 SKD33 SKT01 SKT09 SKT29 SKT31 SKT32 SKT33 SPL02 SPL08 SPL09 SPL13 SPL17 SPL21 SSL03 SSL06 SSL13 SSL23 SSL27 SSL32 SZB12 SBA34 Hap7 1 SBR07 Hap8 1 SBR09 Hap9 1 SBR11 Hap10 1 SBR12 Hap11 52 SBR14 SBR17 SBR19 SBR22 SBR32 SBR34 SKC05 SKC07 SKC15 SKC32 SKC36 SKD01 SKD02 SKD04 SKD10 SKD11 SKD12 SKD23 SKD24 SKD25 SKD35 SKT02 SKT03 SKT21 SKT22 SKT27 SKT34 SPL01 SPL06 SSL11 SSL15 SSL19 SSL22 SSL24 SSL25 SSL28 SZB02 SZB10 SZB13 SZB19 SZB22 SPN7 SPN9 SPN12 SPN16 SPN17 SPN34 SBA3 SBA9. SBA11 SBA13 SBA17 Hap12 2 SBR18 SPL07 Hap13 1 SBR20 Hap14 1 SBR21 Hap15 1 SBR23 Hap16 2 SBR25 SKT23 Hap17 1 SBR26 Hap18 2 SBR27 SZB09 Hap19 1 SBR28 Hap20 1 SBR29 Hap21 1 SBR30 Hap22 1 SBR31 Hap23 16 SBR35 SKC14 SKC16 SKC30 SKD06 SKD14 SKD16 SKT05 SKT17 SKT25 SPL16 SSL07 SSL16 SZB03 SPN5 SBA8 Hap24 1 SKC01 Hap25 1 SKC02 Hap26 1 SKC04 Hap27 1 SKC06 Hap28 1 SKC10 Hap29 3 SKC12 SKC31 SKD15 Hap30 1 SKC13 Hap31 1 SKC17 Hap32 1 SKC18 Hap33 1 SKC19 Hap34 1 SKC21 Hap35 1 SKC22 Hap36 1 SKC23 Hap37 1 SKC25 Hap38 1 SKC26 Hap39 1 SKC27 Hap40 1 SKC28 Hap41 1 SKC29 2945 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Hap42 1 SKC33 Hap43 1 SKC34 Hap44 1 SKC35 Hap45 1 SKD05 Hap46 1 SKD07 Hap47 1 SKD08 Hap48 1 SKD09 Hap49 1 SKD13 Hap50 1 SKD17 Hap51 1 SKD19 Hap52 2 SKD21 SBA12 Hap53 1 SKD22 Hap54 2 SKD27 SBA7 Hap55 1 SKD28 Hap56 1 SKD29 Hap57 1 SKD30 Hap58 1 SKD31 Hap59 1 SKD32 Hap60 1 SKD34 Hap61 1 SKT04 Hap62 1 SKT06 Hap63 1 SKT08 Hap64 1 SKT10 Hap65 2 SKT11 SSL36 Hap66 1 SKT12 Hap67 2 SKT13 SSL17 Hap68 1 SKT14 Hap69 1 SKT15 Hap70 1 SKT16 Hap71 1 SKT18 Hap72 1 SKT19 Hap73 1 SKT20 Hap74 1 SKT24 Hap75 1 SKT26 Hap76 1 SKT28 Hap77 1 SKT30 Hap78 1 SKT35 Hap79 1 SPL04 Hap80 1 SPL05 Hap81 1 SPL10 Hap82 1 SPL11 Hap83 1 SPL12 Hap84 1 SPL14 Hap85 1 SPL15 Hap86 1 SPL18 Hap87 1 SPL19 Hap88 1 SSL02 Hap89 1 SSL04 Hap90 1 SSL05 Hap91 2 SSL09 SSL33 Hap92 1 SSL10 Hap93 1 SSL12 Hap94 1 SSL14 Hap95 1 SSL18 Hap96 1 SSL21 2965 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Hap97 1 SSL26 Hap98 1 SSL29 Hap99 1 SSL30 Hap100 1 SSL34 Hap101 1 SSL35 Hap102 2 SZB01 SPN24 Hap103 1 SZB04 Hap104 1 SZB05 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Hap105 1 SZB06 Hap106 1 SZB08 Hap107 1 SZB14 Hap108 1 SZB16 Hap109 1 SZB17 Hap110 1 SZB18 Hap111 1 SZB20 Hap112 1 SZB21 Hap113 1 SZB23 Hap114 1 SZB24 Hap115 1 SZB25 Hap116 1 SPN1 Hap117 1 SPN2 Hap118 1 SPN3 Hap119 1 SPN4 Hap120 1 SPN6 Hap121 1 SPN8 Hap122 1 SPN10 Hap123 1 SPN11 Hap124 1 SPN13 Hap125 1 SPN14 Hap126 1 SPN15 Hap127 1 SPN18 Hap128 2 SPN19 SBA28 Hap129 1 SPN20 Hap130 1 SPN21 Hap131 1 SPN22 Hap132 1 SPN23 Hap133 1 SPN25 Hap134 1 SPN26 Hap135 1 SPN27 Hap136 2 SPN28 SBA25 Hap137 1 SPN29 Hap138 1 SPN30 Hap139 3 SPN31 SBA5 SBA16 Hap140 2 SPN32 SBA29 Hap141 1 SPN33 Hap142 1 SPN35 Hap143 1 SBA1 Hap144 1 SBA2 Hap145 1 SBA4 Hap146 1 SBA6 Hap147 1 SBA10 Hap148 1 SBA14 Hap149 1 SBA15 Hap150 1 SBA18 Hap151 1 SBA19 2967 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Hap152 1 SBA20 Hap153 1 SBA21 Hap154 1 SBA22 Hap155 1 SBA23 Hap156 1 SBA24 Hap157 1 SBA27 Hap158 1 SBA30 Hap159 1 SBA31 Hap160 1 SBA32 Hap161 1 SBA33 Hap162 1 SBA35 Hap163 12 SRG01 SRG46 SRG47 SRG49 SRG51 SRGM08 SRGM19 SRGM26 SRGM27 SRGM35 SRGM40 SRGM43 Hap164 1 SRG02 Hap165 4 SRG36 SRG62 SRGM05 SRGM33 Hap166 1 SRG37 Hap167 1 SRG39 Hap168 7 SRG40 SRG43 SRG44 SRG56 SRG64 SRG69 SRGM29 Hap169 2 SRG41 SRG45 Hap170 2 SRG42 SRGM10 Hap171 1 SRG48 Hap172 1 SRG50 Hap173 1 SRG52 Hap174 1 SRG53 Hap175 3 SRG54 SRGM11 SRGM17 Hap176 1 SRG57 Hap177 1 SRG58 Hap178 1 SRG59 Hap179 2 SRG60 SRG61 Hap180 1 SRG63 Hap181 1 SRG65 Hap182 2 SRG66 SRG70 Hap183 1 SRG67 Hap184 1 SRG68 Hap185 1 SRGM02 Hap186 2 SRGM03 SRGM09 Hap187 1 SRGM04 Hap188 1 SRGM06 Hap189 2 SRGM07 SRGM21 Hap190 2 SRGM12 SRGM41 Hap191 1 SRGM13 Hap192 1 SRGM14 Hap193 1 SRGM15 Hap194 1 SRGM16 Hap195 1 SRGM18 Hap196 1 SRGM20 Hap197 1 SRGM24 Hap198 1 SRGM28 Hap199 1 SRGM34 Hap200 1 SRGM37 Hap201 1 SRGM42 Hap202 1 SRGM48 Appendix VII. Haplotype Distribution mtDNA COI 2987 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Haplotype No. Samples Identity Hap1 1 SBR01 Hap2 1 SBR02 Hap3 2 SBR04 SBR11 Hap4 1 SBR05 Hap5 1 SBR06 Hap6 1 SBR07 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Hap7 1 SBR08 Hap8 1 SBR09 Hap9 1 SBR10 Hap10 1 SBR12 Hap11 1 SBR13 Hap12 9 SBR14 SKC02 SKC04 SKD03 SKD04 SKD06 SKD08 SKD10 SKD11 Hap13 1 SBR15 Hap14 1 SBR16 Hap15 1 SKC01 Hap16 1 SKC03 Hap17 1 SKC05 Hap18 1 SKC06 Hap19 1 SKC07 Hap20 1 SKC09 Hap21 1 SKC10 Hap22 2 SKC11 SKD01 Hap23 1 SKC12 Hap24 1 SKC13 Hap25 1 SKC14 Hap26 1 SKC15 Hap27 1 SKC16 Hap28 1 SKD02 Hap29 1 SKD05 Hap30 1 SKD07 Hap31 1 SKD09 Hap32 1 SKD12 Hap33 1 SKD13 Hap34 1 SKD14 Hap35 1 SKD15 Hap36 1 SKT01 Hap37 2 SKT02 SKT03 Hap38 27 SKT04 SKT05 SKT08 SKT10 SKT11 SKT13 SPL01 SPL02 SPL04 SPL05 SPL07 SPL08 SPL09 SPL10 SPL11 SPL12 SPL15 SSL04 SSL05 SSL07 SSL08 SSL09 SSL10 SSL11 SSL13 SZB01 SZB02 Hap39 1 SKT06 Hap40 2 SKT07 SKT15 Hap41 1 SKT09 Hap42 1 SKT12 Hap43 1 SKT14 Hap44 1 SPL06 Hap45 1 SPL13 Hap46 1 SPL14 Hap47 1 SRG02 Hap48 1 SRG01 Hap49 4 SRG03 SRG06 SRG07 SRG10 Hap50 1 SRG05 Hap51 1 SRG08 2989 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Hap52 1 SRG09 Hap53 2 SRG11 SRG14 Hap54 1 SRG12 Hap55 2 SRG15 SRG29 Hap56 1 SRG30 Hap57 1 SSL01 Hap58 3 SSL02 SSL03 SSL06 Hap59 1 SSL12 Hap60 1 SSL14 Hap61 1 SSL15 Hap62 1 SZB03 Hap63 1 SZB04 Hap64 1 SZB05 Hap65 1 SZB06 Hap66 2 SZB07 SZB14 Hap67 1 SZB08 Hap68 1 SZB09 Hap69 1 SZB11 Hap70 1 SZB12 Hap71 1 SZB13 Hap72 1 SZB16 Hap73 1 SGRM04 Hap74 1 SGRM05 Hap75 1 SGRM06 Hap76 1 SGRM07 Hap77 2 SGRM08 SGRM17 Hap78 1 SGRM09 320909 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Appendix VIII. Overall Project Activities Activities Sub-activities 2013 2014 2 015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Activity 1: Sub-activity 1.1 X X ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Comparative Case studies for CPUE in Studies for the Southeast Asian CPUE and TAC region Sub-activity 1.2 X X Suitable CPUE and other indicators for resource levels in member countries Sub-activity 1.3 X X X X X X Comparison of TAC systems in the world (including other management measures) Activity 2: Sub-activity 2.1: X Genetic Data Equipment preparation Collection and for genetic study Analysis Sub-activity 2.2: X X Sample collection Sub-activity 2.3: X X X Genetic study Sub-activity 2.4: X X Data compilation and analysis Activity 3: Sub-activity 3.1: X X X X Meetings for Core Expert Effective Meeting/Workshop Program Implementation Activity 4: Sub-activity 4.1: X Recommendation Recommendation for for Purse Seine fisheries management Fisheries Sub-activity 4.2: X Management in Preparation and the Southeast publishing of terminal Asian region report 3001 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Appendix IX. Poster of the Project 30320 1 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 330032 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 30340 3 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Appendix X. Project Related Activities The 1st Core Expert Meeting on Comparative Studies for the Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region Furama Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 26 – 28 August 2014 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 330054 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 30360 5 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center The 2nd Core Expert Meeting on Comparative Studies for the Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region Furama Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 9 – 11 August 2016 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Technical visit to Malaysia Meteorological Department, Petaling Jaya, Selangor 330076 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Technical visit to Malaysia Meteorological Department, Petaling Jaya, Selangor 30380 7 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center 3rd Core Expert Meeting on Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region Furama Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 12-14 September 2017 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 330098 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 3130 9 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center 4TH Core Expert Meeting on Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region Melia Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 18-19 September 2018 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 33110 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 31321 1 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center The Regional Workshop on ‘Comparative Studies for Management of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region’ Dorsett Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 7 -8 March 2017 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 331132 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Consultation with the Regional Resource Person, Prof. Dr. Matsuishi Takashi Fritz Biosecurity Fisheries Center Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 19 - 20 November 2019 31341 3 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center The Genetic Analysis Workshop for Amblygaster sirm and Thunnus tonggol in Southeast Asian Region Grand Continental Hotel, Langkawi, Malaysia, 6 - 9 August 2018. ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Images photographed by: Ms. Nik Zuraini Nawawi @ Omar 331154 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Images photographed by: Ms. Nik Zuraini Nawawi @ Omar 31361 5 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Meeting Genetic Study on Neritic Tunas and Amblygaster sirm at Selected Sampling Sites in Indonesian Waters Research Institute of Marine Fisheries (RIMF) in Jakarta, Indonesia, 17 January 2017 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Images photographed by: Ms. Wahidah Mohd Arshaad 331176 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Purse seine activities Images photographed by: Mr. Osman Muda 31381 7 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Images photographed by: Mr. Osman Muda 331198 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Images photographed by: Mr. Mohammad Faisal Md Saleh 32301 9 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Genetic Study Sampling ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Images photographed by: Ms. Nik Zuraini Nawawi @ Omar 332210 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Images photographed by: Ms. Nik Zuraini Nawawi @ Omar 3232 1 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 Images photographed by: Ms. Nik Zuraini Nawawi @ Omar 332232 Comparative Studies on Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region 2019 Images photographed by: Ms. Nik Zuraini Nawawi @ Omar 32342 3 ISBN 978-983-9114-82-9 S EAFDEC/MFRDMDISBN XXX SEAFDEC/MFRDM/DS/SPP/4XX5 PROMJ arinEeT FisEhCery ReTsMource sI DTNevelAoEpmeLntR a nRd MaEnagPemIeOnNt DeRparAtTmen t L Southeast Asian Fisheries RDeveloEpmentP Center THE JTF6 PROJECT: COMBAOTINRG TIUU FISHING IN SOUTHEAST ASIA THROUGH APPLICAOTIMONP AORF ACTAIVTCEH S CTEURDTIIFEICSA OTINON MFOARN INATGEERNMAETINONTA OL FT RPAUDER SINE FSISEHI NANED FIFSHISERHYE PROIEDSUC ITNS T HE SOUTHEAST ASIAN REGION 2019 ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 SOUTHEAST ASIAN FISHERIES DEV ELOPMENT CENTER MARINE FISHERY RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT Edited by: Mohammad Faisal Md Saleh Wahidah Mohd Arshaad Raja Bidin Raja Hassan Katoh Masaya Abdul Razak Latun Nurul Nadwa Abdul Fatah Khairiah Jaafar SOUTHEAST ASIAN FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT CENTER MARINE FISHERY RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT ISBN XXX SEAFDEC/MFRDMD/SP/XX PROJECT TERMINAL REPORT COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON MANAGEMENT OF PURSE SEINE FISHERIES IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN REGION MarineT FisEheryR ResMourcesI DNevelAopmeLnt a nRd MaEnagPemeOnt DeRpartTmen t Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center THE JTF6 PROJECT: COMBATING IUU FISHING IN SOUTHEAST ASIA THROUGH APPLICATION OF CATCH CERTIFICATION FOR INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN FISH AND FISHERY PRODUCTS ISBN 978-983-9114-79-9 SOUTHEAST ASIAN FISHERIES DEV ELOPMENT CENTER MARINE FISHERY RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT